BIOL1624 Chapter19

Kingdom Fungi
Outline
• Protists versus Fungi
• Phylum Chytridomycota
• Phylum Zygomycota
• Phylum Ascomycota
• Phylum Basidiomycota
• Phylum Deuteromycota
• Lichens
Distinctions Between Protista and Fungi
• All true fungi are filamentous or unicellular
heterotrophs, most of which absorb their food
in solution through cell walls.
• Members of Kingdom Fungi are placed in five
phyla.
 With the exception of some chytrids and all
yeasts, all are filamentous.

 Most lack motile cells.
Kingdom Fungi
• Phylum Chytridomycota (The Chytrids)
 Simple, mostly one-celled organisms.
 Some parasitize pollen grains, and other
are saprobic.
 Many reproduce only asexually through
the production of zoospores within a

spherical cell.
Kingdom Fungi
• Phylum Zygomycota (Coenocytic True Fungi)
 Black bread molds are the best-known
members of this phylum.

- Rhizopus is a well-known representative.
 Human and Ecological Relevance
- A few species used as food sources.
- Industrial Uses

Pharmaceuticals
 Pigments
Kingdom Fungi
• Phylum Ascomycota (Sac Fungi)
• Truffles are reproductive bodies of
representatives of the phylum ascomycetes.
 Most produce mycelia with hyphae
partitioned into individual cylindrical cells.

 Asexual Reproduction
- By means of spores produced outside of
a sporangium (conidia) on conidiophores.

- Yeasts - Budding
• Sexual Reproduction
Phylum Ascomycota
• Human and Ecological Relevance
 Truffles have been prized for centuries.
 Ergot fungus may infect rye and other
grains.
- Ergotism may occur in those who eat the
contaminated bread.
- Ergot drugs are medicinally useful in
small amounts.
 Initial source for the manufacture of
LSD.
Phylum Ascomycota
 Yeast enzymes aid in preparation of baked
goods.
- Fermentation
 Yeasts used in production of glycerol.
- Explosives
 Plant Diseases
- Dutch Elm Disease
- Chestnut Blight
Phylum Basidiomycota
• The Basidiomycetes (Club Fungi)
 In sexual reproduction, spores are produced
at the tips of swollen hyphae that often

resemble small clubs (basidia).
- Mushrooms, Puffballs, Earth Stars
 Asexual Reproduction
- Infrequent
 Mainly through conidia.

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Sexual Reproduction in Basidiomycota
 Fairy Rings
 Boletes

 Shelf Fungi
 Bird’s Nest Fungi
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 Smuts
 Rusts

 Poisonous
- Fewer than 75 of the approximately
25,000 described species are poisonous.

 Shiitake Mushrooms
- High in protein, calcium, phosphorous,
and iron.
- Lentinacin and other pharmaceutical
extracts.
 Nutrient Recycling
Phylum Deuteromycota
• The Deuteromycetes (Imperfect Fungi)
 Fungi for which a sexual stage has not
been observed.
- Groped together in an artificial phylum.
 All reproduce by conidia.

Phylum Deuteromycota
 Penicillium Molds
- Antibiotics
- Gourmet Cheese
 Aspergillus
- Citric Acid
- Soy Sauce
- Aspergilloses (Respiratory Disease)
- Aflotoxin (Carcinogen)
Lichens
• Consists of a fungus and an alga intimately
associated in a spongy thallus.
 Photosynthetic component supplies the
food while the fungus protects the

photosynthetic organisms from harmful
light intensities and absorbs and retains
water and minerals.
- Three genera of green algae and one
genus of cyanobacterium are involved in

90% of all lichen species.
Lichens
• Lichen species are identified according to
their fungus.
• Grow very slowly, and are capable of living
extremely long periods of time.
 Gelatinous substance in thallus allows
them to withstand alternating wet and dry

periods.
Lichens
• Usually consist of three or four layers:
 Upper Cortex - Protective layer
 Algal Layer - Contain algal cells.
 Medulla - Hyphae
 Lower Cortex - Covered with Rhizines.

Lichens
• Usually grouped into three major growth
forms:
 Crustose - Attached to or embedded in
their substrate over their entire lower

surface.
 Foliose - Contain leaf-like thalli which often
overlap.
 Fruticose - May resemble miniature upright
shrubs, or hang down in festoons from

branches.
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Lichens
• Fungal component of a lichen usually
reproduces sexually, but lichens are naturally
dispersed in nature asexually.
• Sexual reproduction in lichens is similar to
that of the sac fungi except ascomata
produce spores continuously for many years.
Lichens
 Exceptionally sensitive to pollution.
- Sulfur Dioxide
- Nuclear Radiation
 Degradation of historic structures.
 Food Supplements
 Antibiotic Properties
Review
• Protists versus Fungi
• Phylum Chytridomycota
• Phylum Zygomycota
• Phylum Ascomycota
• Phylum Basidiomycota
• Phylum Deuteromycota
• Lichens

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Kingdom Fungi

yeasts, all are filamentous.

 Some parasitize pollen grains, and other

the production of zoospores within a

members of this phylum.

 Human and Ecological Relevance

- A few species used as food sources.

partitioned into individual cylindrical cells.

- By means of spores produced outside of

a sporangium (conidia) on conidiophores.

 Ergot fungus may infect rye and other

 Yeasts used in production of glycerol.

- Dutch Elm Disease

at the tips of swollen hyphae that often

 Mainly through conidia.

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Companies Permission Required for Reproduction or Display

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Companies Permission Required for Reproduction or Display

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Companies Permission Required for Reproduction or Display

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Companies

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Companies Permission Required for Reproduction or Display

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Companies

- Fewer than 75 of the approximately

25,000 described species are poisonous.

- High in protein, calcium, phosphorous,

 All reproduce by conidia.

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Companies Permission Required for Reproduction or Display

- Aspergilloses (Respiratory Disease)

food while the fungus protects the

genus of cyanobacterium are involved in

them to withstand alternating wet and dry

 Algal Layer - Contain algal cells.

 Lower Cortex - Covered with Rhizines.

their substrate over their entire lower

shrubs, or hang down in festoons from

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Companies

 Degradation of historic structures.

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