Energy From Chemicals

ENERGY FROM CHEMICALS
OII
Key points
Chemical reaction
Exothermic and endothermic reaction
,
Reactant,
Products
internal energy,
Enthalpy
Activation energy
Bond breaking and making energies,
Fuel cell
CHEMICAL REACTION
CHEMICAL REACTION
• Chemical reaction, a process in which one or
more substances, the reactants, are converted
to one or more different substances, the
products.
• Substances are either chemical elements or
compounds.
• A chemical reaction rearranges the
constituent atoms of the reactants to create
different substances as products
ACTIVATION ENERGY
ACTIVATION ENERGY
Activation
energy
• The minimum quantity of energy which the reacting
species must possess in order to undergo a specified
reaction.
• Activation energy, in chemistry, the minimum
amount of energy that is required to activate atoms
or molecules to a condition in which they can
undergo chemical transformation or physical
transport.
INTERNAL ENERGY AND
ENTHALPY
• Internal energy is the
amount of energy
present in a chemical .
• It is the bond energy
• Enthalpy is the
difference of internal
energy of reactant and
product
Activation energy for
exothermic and
endothermic reactions
Exothermic reactions
• An exothermic reaction is a chemical reaction

that releases energy through light or heat. It is
the opposite of an endothermic reaction.
Expressed in a chemical
ENERGY DIAGRAM
• In an exothermic reaction, the
products are at a
lower energy than the reactants.
• For an exothermic reaction, the
enthalpy change is always
negative.
• An energy level diagram for
an endothermic reaction. In
an endothermic reaction, the
products are at a
higher energy than the reactants.
ENERGY PROFILE DIAGRAM
Exothermic /endothermic reaction
and thermometer
• The temperature measured
by thermometer is the
average kinetic energy of
the molecule in the
container .
• Exothermic reaction shows
an increase in the
temperature with in the
container.
• Endothermic reaction
shows a decrease in the
temperature with in the
container.
Endothermic reaction
ENDOTHERMIC REACTION
Endothermic Reaction Definition.
An endothermic reaction is any
chemical reaction that absorbs heat from
its environment. The absorbed energy
provides the activation energy for
the reaction to occur. A hallmark of this
type of reaction is that it feels cold.
ENDOTHERMIC REACTION
Endo and exo thermic reactions
SUMMARY TABLE
EXOTHERMIC AND
ENDOTHERMICREACTIONS
EXOTHERMIC AND
ENDOTHERMICREACTION
S
ENERGYM profile
DIAGRAM
EXAMPLE
S
Bond breaking and bond
making energy
• Bond breaking
energy .
• Bond making
/forming energy
Bond breaking and bond forming occurs during a chemical
reaction.
The energy changes in chemical reactions are caused by bond
breaking and bond forming.
Breaking a bond is endothermic.
Energy is taken in to break a chemical bond.
E.g.
H−H(g)→H(g)+H(g)H−H(g)→H(g)+H(g),
whereby ΔH=+436 kJ mol−1ΔH=+436 kJ mol−1
436 kJ of energy is required to break one mole of covalent bonds in the
hydrogen molecules.
Forming a bond is exothermic.
Energy is released when a chemical bond is formed.
E.g.
H(g)+H(g)→H−H(g)H(g)+H(g)→H−H(g),
whereby ΔH=−436 kJ mol−1ΔH=−436 kJ mol−1
436 kJ of energy is released to form one mole of covalent bonds in the
hydrogen molecules.
The energy absorbed in breaking one
mole of covalent bonds is called
the bond energy. It is the same as the
energy given out in making the same
amount of covalent bonds.
Bond energy measures the strength of a
covalent bond. The stronger the bond to
be broken, the more energy is required
to be taken in.
A triple bond requires the most energy to
break whereas a single bond is easiest to
break.
Examples of bond energies
Heat of reaction = Total heat energy absorbed when old bonds are
broken in the reactant –Total heat energy released when new
bonds are formed in the products
Bond energy
Covalent Bond
(kJ mol−1)(kJ mol−1)
H−H 436
F−F 158
Cl−Cl 244
Br−Br 224
I-I 214
H−F 568
H−Cl 432
H−Br 366
H−N 388
O=O 496
C=C 612
C=O 743
N≡N 945
C≡C 838
Er = Total energy required to break bonds in the reactants
Ep = Total energy released when new bonds are formed in
the products
If Er>Ep, it is an endothermic reaction.
If Er<Ep, it is an exothermic reaction.
Collision
theory
Collision theory, theory used to predict the rates of chemical reactions,
particularly for gases. The collision theory is based on the assumption
that for a reaction to occur it is necessary for the reacting species
(atoms or molecules) to come together or collide with one another. Not
all collisions, however, bring about chemical change. A collision will be
effective in producing chemical change only if the species brought
together possess a certain minimum value of internal energy, equal to
the activation energy of the reaction. Furthermore, the colliding species
must be oriented in a manner favorable to the necessary rearrangement
of atoms and electrons. Thus, according to the collision theory, the rate
at which a chemical reaction proceeds is equal to the frequency of
effective collisions. Because atomic or molecular frequencies of
collisions can be calculated with some degree of accuracy only for gases
(by application of the kinetic theory), the application of the collision
theory is limited to gas-phase reactions.
Q1:Label the following energy diagram

Energy From Chemicals

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ENERGY FROM CHEMICALS

• An exothermic reaction is a chemical reaction

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