Presentation 1

HETEROGENOUS PROCESS
POWERPOINT PRESENTATION
BY TO
DEEPAK KOUNDAL SHASHIKANT YADAV SIR
22901103 ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
HETROGENEOUS REACTION
(INTRODUCTION)
• Heterogeneous reaction is a reaction in which The phase of product
and reactant are not same, means at the beginning , intermediate and
at the end of the reaction.
• Heterogeneous word stand for not having same phase uniformitivity.
• Some common example :-
1. Solid + gas phase reaction (reaction of solid fuel with oxygen)
2. Liquid + solid phase reaction (reaction of iron and water give rust)
3. Liquid + gas phase reaction (reaction of liquid fuel with oxygen)
Types of Heterogeneous reaction
system
To find Rate of Reaction
• In Heterogeneous reaction system we have 3 formula as per the
requirement of condition
• The basic formula for calculating the reaction is given as:-
But on removing the proportionality we get a constant but that depends

upon the condition.
So we have 3 condition here
1. Unit volume
2. Unit surface area/interface
3. Unit weight
• Rate of reaction for unit volume (can be use for homogeneous
reaction also)
• Rate of reaction for unit surface area / interface (only use for
heterogeneous reaction only)
• Rate of reaction for unit weight of solid (only use for heterogeneous
reaction only)
Concept of Rate controlling step
• Since more than one phase is present at the movement of material
from one phase to another phase must be considered in the Rate
equation either in form of Mass transfer or in the form of reaction
step.
• 2 Steps are involved in heterogeneous reaction
1. Mass transfer step
2. Reaction step
• For a series reaction as the rate associated to is as
• For a parallel reaction as the rate associated to is as
• For example
Taking reference of equation from picture from pervious slide

• Mass transfer step
Where
1. is concentration of A in bulk.
2. is concentration of A in interfacial Area.
• Reaction rate step
• For series reaction rate is determine as
• On further solving the equation

Now for special case if is much greater than
• Rate of heterogeneous reaction will depends on mass transfer step so

it will be rater controlling step
Now for special case if is much less than
So here comes a conclusion as

“slowest step will be rate controlling step”
Catalytic Reaction System
• Catalyst is a substance which alter the rate of reaction but doesn’t
take part in that reaction.
• Characteristic of catalytic reaction
1. A very small quantity of catalyst is required
2. Catalyst never effect equilibrium condition but it can affect both
yield and selectivity.
3. A catalyst unchanged its amount during the reaction.
4. A catalyst provide a new path for reactant which required less
amount of activation energy due to catalyst.
• Example catalytic reaction:-
1. Catalytic reaction
2. Catalytic cracking
3. Aromatization
4. Isomerization
• Catalysis : It is defined as a process in which a substance mostly a
catalyst is used to alter the rate of reaction either increase or
decrease. If it increases rate then its positive rate o if it is decreases
then it is negative rate.
• Positive catalyst : it is a catalyst which enhance the rate the reaction

and reaction conversion is fast.
• Negative catalyst: it is a catalyst which reduces the rate the reaction
and reaction conversion is slow.
• Homogenous catalyst : Here the catalyst and reactant both are in
same phase.
• Heterogeneous catalyst: Here the catalyst and reactant both not in
same phase.
Mechanics of solid catalyzed
reaction
• It is a 7 step process
All the steps are as follow
1. Film Diffusion (Diffusion from bulk to catalyst external surface)
2. Pore Diffusion (Diffusion from external surface to internal surface of
catalyst)
3. Adsorption step (Adsorption from internal surface to active site)
4. Reaction Step (Reaction of reactant and formation of product)
5. Desorption Step(Desorption from active site to internal surface)
6. Reverse Pore Diffusion (Diffusion from internal surface to external
surface of catalyst)
7. Reverse Film Diffusion (Diffusion from catalyst external surface to
bulk)
Physical Absorption vs Chemical
Absorption
Physical Absorption Chemical Absorption
1. Here Adsorbate and Adsorbent are attach because 1. Here the Adsorbate and Adsorbent both are attach
of weak Vander wall of force of attraction. due to strong covalent bond or Ionic bond.
2. Not specific in nature I.e. all type of Adsorbate and 2. specific in nature I.e. some specific Adsorbate and
all Adsorbent Adsorb to each other. some specific Adsorbent Adsorb to each other.
3. Low heat of Adsorption. 3. High heat of Adsorption.
4. This process is reversible. 4. This process is irreversible.

( Desorption only occur at high temperature)
5. It for multi molecular layer. 5. It for unimolecular layer.
6. Not required with any sort of Activation Energy. 6. High requirement of Activation Energy for bond
formation.
Adsorption Isotherms
• This theory was given by Freundlich and that is the why it is also known
as Freundlich Adsorption Isotherm.
• Basic plot of this theory is at a given Temperature what will be the
extent of Adsorption with relation with pressure.
• The extent of Adsorption is measured as
• Where x is mass of adsorbate.
• m is mass of adsorbent.
• A graph between the amount of mass of adsorbate per gram of mass of
Adsorbent () and the equilibrium of pressure of Adsorbate at constant
Temperature is called the Adsorption Isotherm.
• At low pressure
The graph is almost straight line.
Where k is constant.
• At high Temperature
The graph become parallel to x axis value of is constant.
So is equal to constant.
• At Intermediate Temperature
Here will depend upon power of pressure which lies between 0 to 1.
Where n ≥ 1
Where n and k are constant value depends upon Adsorbate and
Adsorbent.
• At , reaches its maximum value and it remains constant even when
pressure is increased.
• At equilibrium
Amount of adsorbed = Amount of desorbed
• This state is also called saturated state and the corresponding
pressure is saturated pressure.
• On considering equation 1
Taking log both sides and solving it
As it corresponds to equation of line.

• Adsorption Isotherm at different temperature
• Freundlich Adsorption Isotherm in relation with concentration and
mass of adsorption.
1. is the mass of adsorbed per mass of Adsorbent.

2. is the equilibrium concentration.
3. K is the Freundlich Adsorption capacity.
• On taking the log in both sides and solving the equation.
• Limitation
1. Hold good over a limited range of pressure.
2. It is applicable only to physical adsorption.
3. Fails at high pressure.
Linear Isotherm
• It is the simplest Isotherm.
Where
• is the partition coefficient.
• But this never exist as adsorption process have its limitation also and
it cannot linearly increase.
Langmuir Adsorption Isotherm
• Describe the equilibrium between the Adsorbate surface and solution
as a reversible chemical equilibrium.
• The Adsorbate surface have a fixed number of molecular site where
the adsorbate are bounded.
With a rate constant
With a rate constant

Rate of adsorption is directly proportional to pressure of gas.
Rate of adsorption is directly proportional to number of vacant sites.
Rate of adsorption is directly proportional to total number of active
sites multiply by its fraction of surface covered by the gas molecule.
On combining all these correlation we get a simple relation.

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HETEROGENOUS PROCESS

But on removing the proportionality we get a constant but that depends

• For a parallel reaction as the rate associated to is as

Taking reference of equation from picture from pervious slide

• On further solving the equation

• Rate of heterogeneous reaction will depends on mass transfer step so

So here comes a conclusion as

• Positive catalyst : it is a catalyst which enhance the rate the reaction

4. This process is reversible. 4. This process is irreversible.

Taking log both sides and solving it

As it corresponds to equation of line.

1. is the mass of adsorbed per mass of Adsorbent.

With a rate constant

With a rate constant

On combining all these correlation we get a simple relation.

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