Chapter 5

SURFACE CHEMISTRY

Surface chemistry deals with the phenomena that occur at surface or interfaces.
Adsorption : The accumulation of molecule species at the surface rather than in the bulk of solid
or liquid
Adsorbate : The molecular species which accumulates at the surface
Desorption : The process of removing and adsorbed substances from a surface on which it is adsorbed
is called desorption

Difference between absorption and adsorption

ABSORPTION ADSORPTION

 The particles of gas or liquid get  The particles are highly concentrated
uniformly distributed through the bulk on the surface than in the bulk of a
of the body of the solid solid
 Concentration is same through  Concentration on the surface
out the material  Adsorption is rapid in the
 Absorption occurs at beginning and it‟s rate decrease
uniform rate slowly

Sorption: when adsorption and absorption take place simultaneously .

Mechanism of adsorption

1. The molecule on the surface of the adsorbent process unbalanced attractive forces (Residual
forces).These forces are responsible for attracting the adsorbate particles on its surface.

2. The adsorption increases as the surface area increases

3. Adsorption is an exo-thermic process (ΔH = -VE)

[When molecule are adsorbed the entropy decreases (ΔS = -VE), process will become
spontaneous only when become .

4. As the adsorption proceeds unbalanced residual forces will decrease and there is a decrease in
surface energy which appears as heat and become equal to and become zero (ΔG = ΔH –
TΔS) at this stage equilibrium is attained.

Types of Adsorption
On the basis of the force of attraction between adsorbent and adsorbate, adsorption is
 classified in to two categories

Physisorption (physical Chemisorption (chemical

adsorption) adsorption)
Accumulation of gas on the surface
of a solid occurs because of weak
 Accumulation of gas molecule take
place because of strong chemical bond
van-der Waals force.
It is not specific in nature  Highly specific in nature

Reversible.  Irreversible
Depends on the nature of gas more  It also depends on the nature of gas
easily liquefiable gases are adsorbed only gases which can react with
readily. adsorbent are adsorbed
Enthalpy of adsorption law (20 – 40
kJ mol-1 )  Enthalpy of adsorption is high ( 80
Low temperature is favorable. – 240 kJ mol-1)
Decrease with increase in  High temperature is favorable
temperature. increase with temperature
Forms multimolecular layer  Forms only unimolecular layer

ADSORPTION ISOTHERM
Adsorption isotherm : A graph is platted between amount of adsorption „x/m‟ (x mass of adsorbent, m-
mass of adsorbent ) and pressure at constant temperature is called adsorption isotherm.

Freundlich adsorption isotherm : Freundlich adsorption isotherm relates adsorption to the pressure.

where x – mass of adsorbent, m- mass of adsorbate

k,n are constants depending on the nature of adsorbent.

Taking the log of the equation,we get

When is plotted against log p ,the grapph is a straight line with slope 1/n and intercept log k.

when = 0 , = constant, i.e adsorption indepependent of pressure.

when = 1 , = kp ,i.e Adsoprtion varies directly with pressure.

This Curve approach saturation at high pressure,it is not explained by Freundlich adsorption isotherm.

ADSORPTION FROM SOLUTION PHASE.

1. Acetic acid is adsorbed by charcoal when its solution is shaken with charcoal

2. Litmus solution when shaken with charcoal become colorless.

In all these cases,the extent of adsorption

1. decrease with increase in temperature

2. increase with surface area

3.depends on the concentration

4.depends on the nature of adsorbent and adsorbate

For adsorption from solution phase, Freundlich adsorption

isotherm is given as –

, where C is the concentration.

A graph between x/m and logC is a straight line.

APPLICATION OF ADSORPTION
1. Why does physisorption decrease with the increase of temperature?
2. Differentiate between physisorption and chemisorption.
3. Why are powdered substances more effective adsorbents than their crystalline forms?
4. Distinguish between the meaning of the terms adsorption and absorption. Give one example of each.
5. What is the difference between physisorption and chemisorption?
CATALYSIS
Catalyst : Substance which alter the rate of chemical reaction and remains chemically and quantitatively
unchanged after the chemical reaction are called catalyst.

The process of altering the rate of a chemical reaction by the addition of a foreign substance is called
catalysis.
promoters :

promoters are the substance that enhance the activity of a catalyst.

N2 + 3H2 2NH3 ,In Haber‟s Process „Fe‟ act as catalyst and Mo act as promoter.

Poisons : substance that decrease the activity of a catalyst.

Eg : In the conversion of acid chloride to aldehyde the palladium catalyst poisoned by the addition of
sulphur.

Homogenous and Heterogenous Catalysis

Homogeneous catalysis Heterogenous catalysis

when the reaction and the catalyst are in the same The catalytic process in which the reactants and the
phase, the process is known as homogenous catalysis. catalyst are in different phase is known as
heterogenous catalysis.

NO (g)
2SO2(g) + O2(g) V2O5 2SO3(g)
. 2SO2 (g) + O2 (g) 2SO3 (g)

Fe(s)
HCI(l)
N2(g) +3H2 (g) 2NH3
2. CH3COOCH3(l) + H2O(l)
CH3COOH(aq) + CH3OH(aq)

ADSORPTION THEORY OF HETEROGENOUS CATALYSIS

1. The reactants are adsorbed on the surface of the solid catalyst.

2. adsorption increases the concentration of reactants on the surface of the catalyst and hence increase in the
rate of reaction

3. adsorption being an exothermic process, the heat of adsorption is used for enhancing the rate of reaction
which is used as activation energy.

Steps involved in heterogenous catalysis

1. Diffusion of the reactants at the surface of the catalyst.

2. Adsorption of reactant molecules on the surface of the catalyst.

3. Occurence of chemical reaction on the surface of the catalyst through the formation of an intermediate
compound.

4. Desorption of the product molecules from the surface.

5. Diffusion of products away from the surface of the catalyst.

Important features of solid catalyst

Activity: Is the ability of a catalyst to accelerate the rate of chemical reaction, it depends upon the strength
of chemisorption to a large extent.

Selectivity : Is the ability of a catalyst to direct a reaction to yield a particular product.

Ni
CO(g) + 3H2(g) CH4(g) + H2O(g)
Cu/ZnO- Cr2O7
CO(g) + 3H2(g) CH4(g) + H2O(g)
Cu
CO(g) + 3H2(g) CH4(g) + H2O(g)

A given substance can act as catalyst only in a particular reaction and not for all the reactions.

Shape selective catalysis by zeolite

catalytic reaction that depends upon the pure structure of the catalyst and the size of the reactants and
product molecules id called selective catalysis.

Zeolite are good shape selective catalysis having honeycomb like structure. [microporous
aluminosilicates]

it is used in petrochemical industries. eg: ZSM-5

Enzyme catalysis

Enzymes are protein molecules having high molecular mass produced by living cells. They are biochemical
catalysts and the phenomenon is known as biochemical catalysis.

Eg : 1. Inversion of cane sugar.

2.

Characteristics of enzyme catalysis

1. most highly efficient

2. highly active in nature : Each enzymes is specific for a given reaction.\

3. highly active under Optimum Temperature

"The rate of an enzyme reactions becomes maximum at a definte temperature is called the optimum
temperature (298k-310k)”

4. Highly active under optimum pH

"The rate of an enzymes catalysed reaction is maximum at a particular p called optimum pH(5-
7)”
5. Increasing activity in presence of activators and co-enzymes

"The enzymatic activity is increased in the presence of certain substance known as co-enzymes."

Eg : Metal ions Na+, Mn2+, Co2+, Cu2+ etc

amylase in presence of NA+ ions is very active.

Influence of inhibitors and poisons

Enzymes are inhabited or poisoned by the presence of certain substances.

Eg : Drugs inhabits enzyme actions.

Mechanism of enzyme catalysis

There are a no.of cavities present on the surface of enzymes and it contains active groups such as -NH2, -
COOH, -OH etc. The molecules of the reactant fit into the cavities like a key fits into a lock.

The activated complex thus formed decomposes to yield the products.

Step-1 : Binding of enzymes to substrate to form an activated complex.

E+S ES*

Step-2 : Decompostion of the activated complex to form product.

ES* E+P

Catalyst in Industry

6. In Haber‟s process, hydrogen is obtained by reacting methane with steam in presence of NiO as
catalyst.

7. The process is known as steam reforming. Why is it necessary to remove CO when ammonia is
obtained by Haber‟s process?

8. What is the role of desorption in the process of catalysis.

9. What role does adsorption play in heterogeneous catalysis?

10. Define selectivity & activity for a solid catalyst with examples.

COLLOIDS
A colloid is a heterogenous system in which one substance (called dispersed phase) is disperse dispersion
medium.

• It is intermediate between true solution and suspension

• The diameter of colloidal particles may range from 10m to 10000m

Classification of colloids

a) Based on physical state of Dispersed phase and Dispersion medium.

note : A gas mixed with another gas forms a homogeneous mixture and hence is not a colloidal system.

b) Based on Nature of interaction between dispersed phase and dispersion medium.

Lyophilic colloids Lyophobic colloids

1.particles of dispersed phase have a great 1.No affinity for dispersion medium
affinity for dispersion medium.
2.Irriversible,cannot be made easily
2.Reversible in nature, can be made easily
3.Unstable,easy to precipitate by the addition of
3.Stable,cannot be easily coagulated little electrolyte

c) Based on the type of particles of dispersed phase.

1. Multimolecular colloids : Particles consist of an aggregate of atoms or small molecule with size less than
10m.

Eg: sulphur sol, gold sol.

2. Macromolecular colloids : The particles of dispersed phase are sufficiently big in size to be colloidal
range

Eg: starch, cellulose.

3. Associated colloids: These are substances which behave as normal strong electrolytes at low
concentration but as colloids at higher concentrations. The colloidal behaviour is because of the formation of
aggregates. They are called micelles.

The formation of micelles takes place only above a particular temperature called kraft temperature
(Tk) and above a particular concentration called critical micelle concentration (CMC).

Mechanism of micelle formation

1. soap is sodium or potassium salt of a higher fatty acid and may represented as (RCOO–Na+)
2. When dissolved in water, it dissociate into RCOO– and Na+ ions

3. RCOO– consist of two parts 1) along chain hydrocarbon chain R (called non polar tail) - which is
hydrophobic (water repelling). 2) polar group COO– (called polar ionic head) - which is hydrophilic(water
loving).

At critical micelle concentration,

the anions are pulled into the bulk of the solution and aggregate to form spherical shape with their
hydrocarbon chains pointing towards the centre of the sphere with part COO– remaining outward on the
surface. An aggregate thus formed is known as ionic micelle.

Cleansing action of soap

Soap molecules form micelle around the oil droplet with hydrophobic part (Sterode ions) in the oil droplet
and the hydrophilic part projecting out.

Hydrophilic part interact with water and go along with water thus cleansing action occurs.

Preparation of colloids

1. Chemical method :

Chemical reactions leading to the formation of molecules double decomposition, oxidation, reduction or
hydrolysis. These molecules then aggregate leading to the formation of solutions.

3HCHO + FeCl3 + 3H2O 2Au + 3HCOOH

2. Electrical Disintegration or Bredig's Arc Method

Electric arc is struck between electrodes of the metal immersed in the dispersion medium. The intense heat
produced vapourises the metal which the condense to form particles of colloidal size.

Eg : solution of gold, silver, platinum etc.

3. Peptization : The process of converting a precipitate into colloidal solution by shaking it with dispersion
medium in the presence of a small amount of electrolyte.

Purification of colloidal solutions

The process of reducing the concentration of electrolyte and other impurities is known as purification of
colloids.

1. Dialysis : The process of removing a dissolved substance from a colloidal solution by means of diffusion
through a suitable membrane. A bag of suitable membrane with colloidal solution is suspended in water, the
molecules and ions diffuse into the water.

2. Electrodialysis : Dialysis can be fattened by applying electric field. The colloidal solution is placed in a
bag of suitable membrane while pure water is taken outside. The ions present in the colloidal solution
migrate out to the oppositely changed electrodes fitted in the compartment.

3.Ultrafiltration : It is the process of separating the colloidal particles from the impurities by using a special
type of filter paper called ultra filter paper. It is prepared by dipping ordinary filter paper in collodion
solution [ a 4% solution of nitro cellulose in a mixture of alcohol and ether ]

When colloidal particles are filtered using ultra filters the solution particles are retained on the filter paper
while the impurities and the electrolyte are passed through it. When these solution particles are suspended in
suitable dispersion medium, we get a colloidal solution.

Properties of colloids

• Colligative properties : In colloids the number of particles are very small to that of true solution. So the
value of colligative properties such as relative lowering of vapour pressure, elevation of boiling point,
depression of freezing point and osmotic pressure are small compared to that of true solution.

• Tyndall effect : The phenomenon of scattering of light by colloidal particles known as Tyndall effect
and the illuminated path is known as Tyndall cone.

Tyndall effect is observed only when

• The diameter of the dispersed particles is in the range of wavelength of the light used.

• The refractive indices of the dispersed phase and dispersion medium differ greatly in magnitude.

• Colour : colloidal solution exhibit colour with respect to the wavelength of the light scattered by
the particles which in it depends on the size and nature of particles

• Brownian moments: The continuous zig-zag movement of the colloidal particles in dispersion
medium it is due to the unequal bombardment of articles by the molecules of the dispersion
medium.

• Charge on colloidal particles: colloidal particles always carry on electric charge.

+ve [Eg: Hydrated metallic oxides like Fe2O3.xH2O, Al2O3.xH2O, CrO3.xH2O etc.]

-ve [Eg: Metal sols (e.g. Cu sol, Ag sol, Au sol)]

The change on the solution particles is mainly due to the preferential adsorption of ions from
solution.

Eg: when AgNo3 is added to KI, AgI is ppted, which absorbs iodide ions from the dispersion
medium and thus get negative charge.
 AgNO3 + KI → AgI + KNO3 [AgI/I-] – Negatively charged

But when KI is added to AgNO3 the precipitated AgI adsorbs Ag+ ions from the solution and
thus get a positive charge.

AgNO3 + KI → AgI + KNO3 [AgI/Ag+] – Positively charged

Helmholtz electric double layer

The combination of two layers of opposite charges around the colloidal particles.

The first layer (fixed layer) ions attract counter ions from the solution farming second layer
(diffused layer) over it resulting in the electrical double layer.

Eg: AgI/I-K+ AgI/Ag- I-

Electro kinetic potential or Zeta potential

The potential difference between fixed layer and diffused layer of opposite charges

• Electrophoresis : The movement of colloidal particles under an applied electric potential.

“when electric potential is applied across two platinum electrodes dipping in a colloidal solution,
+vely charged particles move towards cathode while –ve charged move towards anode”

Electro osmosis – The movement of dispersion medium under an electric potential.

• Coagulation or precipitation : The process of scattering of colloidal particles id called

coagulation or precipitation.

Methods
1. electrophoresis : The colloidal particle move towards oppositely charged electrodes, where it gets
discharged and precipitated.

2. Mixing of two oppositely charged solution : When two oppositely charged solution are mixed
solutions are mixed in equal proportions charges gets neutralized and precipitated.

3. By boiling : When a solution is boiled the adsorbed layer gets disturbed and precipitated

4. By persistent dialysis : On prolonged dialysis electrolyte present in the solution are removed
colloids become unstable and precipitated.

5.By addition of electrolysis : When excess electrolyte is added the colloidal particles are precipitated.
The ion responsible for neutralization of charge is called coagulating ion.

Hardey-schulze rule : The greater the valency of the flocculating ion added, the greater is its power to
cause precipitation.
For the coagulation of –ve solution
Flocculating power is in the order Al3+ > Ba2+ > Na+
For the coagulation of +ve solution [Fe(CN)6]4- > PO43- > SO42- > Cl-
Coagulating value : The minimum concentration of an electrolyte in millimoles per litre required to cause
precipitation of solution in two hours.

Coagulation of lyophilic solution

Two factors responsible for the stability of lyophilic solution are charge and salvation of particles.
When these two factors are removed the solution can be precipitated
This is done by
1. Adding an electrolyte.
2. By adding suitable solvents.

Protection of colloids

When a lyophilic solution is added to the lyophilic solution hydrophilic particles form a layer around
lyophobic particles and thus protect it from electrolytes.

11. What are lyophilic and lyophobic sols? Give one example of each type. Why are hydrophobic sols
easily coagulated ?

12. What is the difference between multimolecular and macromolecular colloids? Give one example of
each. How are associated colloids different from these two types of colloids?

13. Explain what is observed

(i) when a beam of light is passed through a colloidal sol.

(ii) an electrolyte, NaCl is added to hydrated ferric oxide sol.

(iii) electric current is passed through a colloidal sol?

14. Explain the following terms: (i) Electrophoresis (ii) Coagulation (iii) Dialysis (iv) Tyndall effect.

15. What are micelles? Give an example of a micellers system.

EMULSIONS
Liquid – Liquid colloidal systems, There are two types of emulsions
eg : 1. Oil dispersed in water (o/w type)
2. Water dispersed in oil (w/o type)

Oil dispersed in water : water acts as dispersion medium

eg: milk

Water in oil : oil acts as dispersion medium

eg: butter and cream – oil in water are unstable,

For stabilization a third component called emulsifying agent is added.

Emulsifying agents for o/w type
proteins, natural and synthetic soaps.
Emulsifying agents for w/o type
heavy metal salts of fatty acids, long chain alcohols.

1. Emulsions exhibit Brownian and Tyndall effect

2. Emulsion can be broke into constituent liquids by heating, freezing and centrifuging etc.

Colloids around us
1. Blue colour of the sky: Dust particles along with water vapour scatter light and exhibit blue colour.
2. Food articles: milk, butter, ice cream.

3. Blood: colloidal solution of albuminoid substance.

4. Formation of delta: river water is a colloidal solution of clay, when river water meets sea water the
electrolytes present in the sea water coagulate river water resulting in the formation and deposition of
clay called delta.

Application of colloids

1. Electrical preparation of smoke : Smoke is a colloidal solution of solid particles like dust etc. The
smoke is led through a chamber containing plates having a charge opposite to that carried by smoke particles.
Particles come in contact with these plates lose charge and get precipitated. The particles is called as cottrell
precipitator

Questions
1. What are emulsions? What are their different types? Give example of each type.
2. How do emulsifires stabilise emulsion? Name two emulsifiers.
3. What are enzymes ? Write in brief the mechanism of enzyme catalysis.
4. Explain what is observed

(i) when a beam of light is passed through a colloidal sol.

(ii) an electrolyte, NaCl is added to hydrated ferric oxide sol.

(iii) electric current is passed through a colloidal sol?

5. Describe some features of catalysis by zeolites.

6. What is shape selective catalysis?
7. Action of soap is due to emulsification and micelle formation. Comment.
 CHAPTER 5
Surface Chemistry
ENTRANCE QUESTIONS PAPER

1. Which one of the following (d) Adsorption produces heat which

characteristics is associated with increases the speed of the reaction
adsorption?
(a) ∆ is negative, but ∆ and ∆ are 4. Which is not correct regarding the
positive adsorption of a gas on surface of
(b) ∆ , ∆ and ∆ all are negative solid?
(c) ∆ and ∆ are negative, but ∆ is (a) On increasing temperature,
positive adsorption increases continuously
(d) ∆ and ∆ are negative, but ∆ is (b) Enthalpy and entropy changes are
positive -ve
(c) Adsorption is more for some
2. In Freundlich Adsorption isotherm, the specific substances
value of 1/n is (d) This phenomenon isreversible
(a) between 0 and 1 in all cases
(b) between 2 and 4 in all cases 5. Which one of the following statements
(c) 1 in case of physical adsorption is not correct?
(d) 1 in case of chemisorption (a) The value of equilibrium constant is
changed in the presence of a catalyst
3. According to the adsorption theory of in the reaction at equilibrium
catalysis, the speed of the reaction (b) Enzymes catalyse mainly bio-
increases because chemical reactions
(a) Adsorption lowersthe activation (c) Coenzymes increase the catalytic
energy of the reaction activity of enzyme
(b) The concentration of reactant (d) Catalyst does not initiate any
molecules at the active centres of the reaction
catalyst becomes high due to strong
adsorption 6. Fog is colloidal solution of
(c) In the process of adsorption, the (a) Liquid in gas (b) Gas in liquid
activation energy of the molecules (c) Solid in gas (d) Gas in gas
become large
7. Which property of colloidal solution is 11. At the Critical Micelle Concentration
independent of charge on the colloidal (CMC) the surfactant molecules
particles:- (a) decompose (b) dissociate
(a) Electrophoresis (b) Electro-osmosis (c) Associate
(c) Tyndall effect (d) Coagulation (d) become completely soluble

8. Which one of the following forms 12. The ability of an ion to bring about
micellesin aqueous solution above coagulation of a given colloid depends
certain concentration? upon
(a) Dodecyl trimethyl ammonium (a) its size
chloride (b) the magnitude of its charge
(b) Glucose (c) Urea (c) the sign of the charge alone
(d) Pyridinium chloride (d) both magnitude and sign of its
charge
9. . Position of non-polar and polar part in
the micelle is 13. 1g of charcoal adsorbs 100 mL 0.5
(a) Polar at outer surface and non- MCH COOH to form a monolayer,
polar at inner surface and thereby the molarity of
(b) Polar at inner surface and non- CH COOH reduces to 0.49. Calculate
polar at outer surface 45 the surface area of the charcoal
(c) Distributed all over the surface covered by each molecule of acetic
(d) Present in the surface only acid. Surface area of charcoal = 3.01 ×
10² m²/g m²
10. Hardy-Schulze rule explains the effect (a) 0.5 × 10-19 m² (b) 0.5 10-10 m²
of electrolytes on the coagulation of (c) 4 x 10-20 m² (d) 5 × 10-19 m²
colloidal solution. According to this
rule, coagulation power of cations 14. Which of the following is true in
follow the order respect of chemical adsorption?
(a) 𝐵𝑎2+ > 𝑁𝑎+ > 𝐴𝑙+3 (a) ∆H<0,∆ S>0, ∆G>0
(b) ∆H<0,∆ S<0, ∆G>0
(b) 𝐴𝑙+3 > 𝑁𝑎+ > 𝐵𝑎+2
(c) ∆H>0,∆ S>0, ∆G<0
(c) 𝐴𝑙+3 > 𝐵𝑎+2 > 𝑁𝑎+ (d) ∆H>0,∆ S<0, ∆G>0

(d) 𝐵𝑎+2 > 𝐴𝑙+3 > 𝑁𝑎+

15. . One desires to prepare a positively
charged sol of silver iodide. This can
be achieved by
 (a) adding a little AgNO3, solution to KI 19. The size of particles in suspension,
solution in slight excess 46 true solution and colloidal solution
(b) adding a little KI solution to AgNO3, varies in the order:
solution in slight excess (a) suspension > colloidal > true
(c) mixing equal volumes of equimolar solution
solutions of AgNO3, and KI (b) true solution > suspension >
(d) None of these colloidal
(c) suspension > colloidal = true
16. Under the influence of an electric field, solution
the particles in a sol migrate towards (d) none of these
cathode. The coagulation of the same
sol is studied using NaCl. Na2So4, 20. Gold number of a lyophilic sol is such
and Na3 PO4, solutions. Their a property that:
coagulating values will be in the order (a) The larger its value, the greater is
(a) NaCl >Na2 SO4,>Na3 PO4 the peptizing power.
(b) Na2 SO4> Na3 PO4> NaCl (b) The lower its value, the greater is
(c) Na3 PO4 > Na2 SO4 > NaCl the peptizing power.
(d) Na2 SO4 > NaCl > Na3 PO4 (c) The lower its value, the greater is
the protecting power.
17. The volume of gases NH , CO and (d) The larger its value, the greater is
H adsorbed by one gram of charcoal the protecting power.
at 300 K are in order of:
(a) H > CO > NH3 21. For the graph below, select correct

(b) NH3> H > CO order of temperature?

(c) NH3 >CO2 >H2

(d) CO2 >NH3 > H2

18. A plot of log ( ) against log P for the

adsorption of a gas on a solid gives a (a) T1>T2>T3
straight line with slope equal to: (b) T2>T3>T1
(a) (b) n (c) T3>T2>T1
(d) T1=T2=T3
(c) log K (d) K
22. . Arrange the following electrolytes in 25. The migration of dispersion medium
the increasing order of coagulating under the influence of an electric
power for ferric hydroxide sol potential is called:
Na3PO4 KCI K SO4 NaCl I (a) Cataphoresis
l ll lll lV (b) Electro-osmosis

(a) I< II< III < IV (c) Electrophoresis

(d) Sedimentation
(b) II = IV < III <I
(c) II = IV<I < III
26. Lyophilic sols are more stable than
(d) II = III < IV = I lyophobic sols because:
a) the colloidal particles have positive
23. Butter is a colloid formed when charge
(a) fat is dispersed in water 47 (b) the colloidal particles have negative
(b) fat globules are dispersed in water charge
(c) water is dispersed in fat (c) the colloidal particles are solvated
(d) None of the these (d) there is strong electrostatic
repulsion between the colloidal
24. In an experiment, 200 mL of 0.5 M particles
oxalic acid is shaken with 10 g of
activated charcoal and filtered. The 27. Select incorrect statement:
concentration of the filtrate is reduced (a) Micelles are associated colloids
to 0.4 M. The amount of adsorption (b) The electrical charge on a colloid

( ) is particle indicated by electrophoresis

(c) Formation of micelles takes place
(a) 0.9 (b) 1.8
above Kraft temperature
(c) 0.18 (d) 0.09
(d) Formation of micelles takes place
below CMC