Review Guide on concepts, terms

& tests

of Evidence involving

CRIMINALISTICS &

CRIME DETECTION
 DNA
Stands for
DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID

The DNA HELIX - structure

were deduced by
JAMES WATSON &
FRANCIS CRICK
 DR. ALEC JEFFREY
PERFECTED THE GENETIC MARKERS OF
BAR CODES IN AN X-RAY FILM
How many different bases are
associated with the make-up of
DNA?

Four
The DNA CODES are
ADENINE

THYMINE

GUANINE

CYTOSINE
A biological evidence was analyzed for DNA
profile. What will be the pair of base
sequence of T-G-C-A to complete one
double helix configuration.

ans. A-C-G-T
BASE PAIRING OF DNA CODES

ADENINE = THYMINE
A = T
T = A

GUANINE = CYTOSINE
G = C
C = G
Techniques used for DNA Analysis

PCR OR
POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION

RFLP
RESTRICTION FRAGMENT LENGTH
POLYMORPHISM

STR
SHORT TANDEM REPEATS
 IMPORTANCE OF

GLASS & GLASS FRAGMENTS

AS EVIDENCE IN

CRIMINALISTICS
 GLASS

Is a super cooled liquid which

possess high viscosity and rigidity.
 A super cooled liquid which
possess high viscosity and
rigidity. Glass

It is composed of silica, boric

oxide, phosphorus pentoxide.
TWO TYPES OF GLASS FRACTURES

RADIAL or PRIMARY FRACTURE

&
CONCENTRIC OR SECONDARY
FRACTURE
 RADIAL CRACKS
begin from the side opposite the
side of the impact.

CONCENTRIC or
SPIRAL FRACTURE
begin from the side of impact.
Glass Fracture Analysis involves
“3r” rule which states that:

“Stress lines on a Radial crack

will be at Right angles to the
Rear side of the glass”.

RADIAL CRACKS
 Rule for CONCENTRIC or CRACKS
It is the reverse of the “3r” rule
provided the concentric cracks to be
examined is near adjacent to the
point of impact.
Rule: “Stress lines on a concentric crack
will be at right angles to the front side,
the side from which the blow came,
rather than the rear side.”
Oldest ink material known to man.
ans. Carbon
 The only type of ink wherein age
of a document can be approximately

determined.

Ans. Gallotanic ink

The best forensic examination
method used for soil sample
as evidence is;

Density Gradient Test

The effective method analysis of
glass-evidence in detecting the
presence of trace elements is;

SPECTROGRAPHIC ANALYSIS
 The best test employed to
determine the similarities of
physical properties of questioned
glass evidence compared to
standard sample is;

Flotation Method
Positive result of fresh Marijuana leaf if

added with HCl acid.

Effervescence
Simon’s reagent and shabu combined
will yield what visible result?

Blue
Morphine is an alkaloid of opium, it has
medicinal use as pain killer. This derivative
of morphine is popularly used as a cough
syrup because of its antitussive and
expectorant property, but it is quite
addictive.

Codeine
 Named after Greek God of
Dreams,
it is a derivative and obtained
from opium.

Morphine
 This drug is popularly known
as “soldier’s disease” during World
War II.

Morphine
Obtained from Indian hemp known as
“Cannavis Sativa”,
which is a shrub that grows on
tropic and temperate regions.

Marijuana
 If Cannavis sativa is known as
Indian hemp a botanical name of
Marijuana. What are the other
botanical names of Marijuana termed
from other countries?

Cannavis Indica
Cannavis Americana
 The psychoactive ingredient in
Marijuana which causes
the high or trip of the users while
under the influence of drug.

Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)
This drug is also known as pot, grass, weed,
dope. In Thai it is in a form of stick or
Acapulco gold which resembles a dried
parsley mixed with stems and seeds, and
is either eaten or smoked.

Marijuana
 This derivative of opium was made
synthetically for treatment of morphine
addicts. Unfortunately, it turned out that it
has no medicinal value. Many youths became
addicted to it because the drug can be
bought over the counter in the US.

Heroin
Obtain from a female poppy plant
known as “Papaver Somniferum”
derived from a Greek word which
means juice.

Opium
 Poisons are classified as
animal or toxin poisons - snake venom
plant or vegetable poisons - digitalis
mineral poisons - acids, alkali
microbial poisons - bacteria, fungi
synthetic poisons - those which are
produced and manufactured in laboratories
like pesticides, insecticides, solvents, etc.
 What are volatile poisons?
Ans. These are poisonous substance
most often in liquid form that easily
evaporates like alcohol, acetone, and
can be isolated by distillation
process.
What are non-volatile poisons?
 Ans. These are poisonous
substance commonly found from
plants like alkaloids (morphine,
tetrahydrocannabinol “THC” is
found in marijuana, nicotine)
which can be isolated through
extraction using organic
solvents.

What are mineral poisons?
 Ans. These are poisonous
substance that are corrosives like
acids (sulfuric, nitric, muriatic,
etc.), and alkalis (sodium
hydroxide, potassium hydroxide),
that can be isolated through
special methods, it also include
asbestos (industrial poison).

What are irritants?
Ans. These are poisons that
produces inflammation in the
mucous membrane or any part it
comes in contact when taken in.
 What are the effects of irritants
when absorbed by the body?
 Ans. Upon absorption, it causes
nausea, vomiting, pain, and
diarrhea.
What are these poisons that once
absorbed acts on the spinal cord
producing spasmodic or
continuous contractions of
muscles?
Ans. These are tetanics. Ex.
Strychnine, picrotoxin “lagtang”.
There are poisons that act on the
brain causing disorder of mental
functions resulting to confusion of
free will.
 Ans. These poisons are deliriants.
Ex. Cocaine, Marijuana.

What are aesthetic or exhaustive
poisons?
 Ans. These are poisons that cause
loss of vital on muscular power
resulting to general weakness of the
human body when absorbed.

 Are narcotics as drugs classified
as poisons?
 Ans. Yes. Narcotic drugs when
absorbed act on the cerebral part of
the brain affecting the central
nervous system.

What are the effects of narcotics
when absorbed by the body?
 Ans. It induces drowsiness, sleep
stupor, complete or incomplete
insensibility or loss of feeling.

Cyanide has been known as a very
potent poison. Which part of the
body does it affect when absorbed?
 Ans. The target site of cyanide is
the blood which easily absorbs this
substance.

 What is the term of those poisons
that upon absorption, stops the
beating of the heart?
 Ans. These are called cardiac
poisons. Ex. Digitalis.

Are substance in solid form
containing poisonous
property when taken in are
capable of producing acute
poisoning?
 Ans. Solid poison when taken in may
not cause acute poisoning. These
substance must be dissolved in
aqueous or in liquid lining of the
intestinal tract before it can act on
destroying the normal functions of
the cells towards obnoxious effect
of the body.
 The most common poison that when
inhaled immediately affects the flow
and functions of blood upon
absorption that causes immediate
paralysis of the body;
 Ans. carbon monoxide
What should be the immediate
treatment if a person has been
poisoned?
What is an antidote?
 Ans. An antidote is any agent that
neutralizes a poison or inactivates
the poison. It counteract the effect
of the poisons to produce an
opposite effect rendering the poison
incapable of destroying life.
 How can an antidote act in order to
render the absorbed poison
incapable of destroying life?
Ans. An antidote must have the
capability to act on removing the
poison by means of emetics.
What are emetics?
 Ans.
Emetics are agents that
causes vomiting in order
to remove the
poison from the body.
What are the different
kinds of emetics?
 Ans.
Emetics can be:
cathartics, demulcents, and
precipitants.
How does a cathartic act as
an emetic?
 Ans.
Cathartics remove the poison
from body by means of
intestinal evacuation, after
the addition
of a chemical antidote.
 Why should a chemical
antidote
be added to a poisoned victim
before cathartic is employed?
 Ans.
Chemical antidote when
administered into the body of a
poisoned victim can produce a
reaction with the poison to form
another compound rendering it
incapable to destroy the
functions
of cells in the intestinal wall.
What are demulcents?
 Ans.

Are emetic agents that form a

protective film on the stomach
or intestinal walls to soothes
and protect the part to where
this
emetic is applied.
What are precipitants?
 Ans.
Are emetic substance that
prevents absorption of
poisons by rendering the
poison insoluble.
What are the most common causes
of death in poisoning?
 Ans.

It can be:
cardiac failure, respiratory
failure,
general devitalizing, and
shock to the nervous system.
What are the entrance of
poisons into the body?
 Ans.

Poisons may enter into the body

through: mouth, skin, nose & eyes,
rectum & vagina, hypodermically,
intravenously.
 In what way can poisons be
eliminated from the body?
 Ans. Poisons can be eliminated by
any of the following: emesis,
respiration, feces, urine, tears,
sweat, saliva, milk.

 What is the instrument used
to detect the presence of
alcohol from a person
suspected under the influence
of this substance?
 Ans. Subject the suspected
person to a breathalyzer test.
 Decayed dead bodies of animal
produces bacterial poisons called;
These bacterial poisons are called
ptomaines.
The name of the person who stressed
the chemical nature of poisons and
its action by experimentation
introducing the dose
concept and when?
Paracelsus, a German-Swiss
physician and alchemist introduced
the nature of poison in 16th century.
 Name of the person who correlated
chemistry of toxins with the
biological effects it produces in a
poisoned victim?
 It was
Prof. Matthieu Orfila in 19th century
What are the metallic elements
commonly
encountered in cases of
poisoning?
 Ans. These metals are:

arsenic, lead, mercury

Concepts on biological evidence &
proper handling of blood, semen,
saliva, urine, hairs w/ follicles
Cases involving sexual offenses, the
presence of semen is the primary
concern at the crime scene to be
collected. To look for semen at the
area, an ultra violet light is used to
detect its presence.

What is the color indication of the

presence of semen?
Ans. Bluish fluorescence.
 At the crime laboratory, dried
seminal stain evidence is examined
by employing what method?

Ans. Microchemical analysis
 The other name of microchemical test for presence of semen is;
Ans. Microcrystalline test

What is the other name of

Micro-chemical test for presence of
semen
Ans. Microcrystalline test
There are male individuals whose
semen has no spermatozoa.
Such disorder is called….
 Ans.
The male individual is sick of
“Aspermia.”
 This test when utilized for the
presence of semen produces a yellow-
tinted rhomboid needle-shape with
obtuse angles crystals when viewed
under a microscope.

a. Barberio’s test
b.Vilbert’s test
c.Florence test
d.Taylor’s test
BLOOD AS EVIDENCE
 Significance of

Study of Blood in

CRIME DETECTION
As circumstantial evidence
In favor of the
perpetrator
As corroborative evidence
in favor
of the perpetrator
As corroborative evidence
Against the perpetrator
As circumstancial evidence
Against the perpetratorAs
As circumstantial evidence
In favor of the
perpetrator
For disputed parentage
 To determine the
approximate time the
Crime was committed
To determine the probable
Source/origin of
blood
 To determine the
Direction of the
Escape of the assailant
“EVERY CONTACT
LEAVES A
TRACE”

TRACE EVIDENCE
PRINCIPLE
 By:

EDMOND LOCARD
THANK YOU

&

Good day!