Punnett Square

What is the
difference?
Gregor Johann Mendel
• “Father of Heredity.”
• A mendelian pattern of inheritance
refers to reproducing organisms
sexually.
• In Mendel’s principle of heredity each
parent gives one of two possible allele
for a trait.
Non-Mendelian Inheritance
• A type of inheritance wherein the
patterns of phenotypes does not
coincide with those that was presented
in the Mendelian Law of Inheriance.
Non-Mendelian Inheritance
• A type of inheritance wherein the
patterns of phenotypes does not
coincide with those that was presented
in the Mendelian Law of Inheriance.
3 Types of Non-
Mendellian
Inheritance
Incomplete Dominance
• It is a form of intermediate inheritance
in which one allele does not completely
dominate another allele, resulting in a
new phenotype.
Genotypes: RR and WW
Punnett Square:
R R
W RW RW
W RW RW
Genotypes: 4:0 or 100% RW
Phenotypes: 4: 0 or 100% Pink flowers
Genotypes: RW
Punnett Square:
R W
RW
R RR (red)
(pink)
RW WW
W 1:2:1 or 25% RR, 50% RW,
Genotypes:
and 25% WW. (pink) (white)
Phenotypes: 1:2:1 or 25% red, 50%
Sex-Linked Traits
• Traits carried by the genes located on
the sex chromosomes (XX or XY) are
called sex-linked traits.
• If the gene is located on the x
chromosome, it is called an X-linked
gene; if on Y chromosome, it is called
Y-linked gene
Sex-Linked Traits
• In heterozygous alleles, one allele is
dominant and one allele is recessive.
• Female are considered carriers or
heterozygous for that sex-linked trait.
• Research found out that there are
about 1,098 human X-linked genes.
Red-Green Color Blindness
• It is a condition wherein the person cannot
identify between red and green colors.
Both colors appear as shades of gray.
• More men suffer in this condition than
women because of the genes that produce
the pigments needed for identifying the
colors are found in the X-chromosomes.
• If a color-blind man (color blue) marries
a woman with normal color vision, none
of his sons will inherit the abnormal
gene, which means they all have normal
color vision, but all of his daughters will
be carriers of (color green) of this gene
since only the daughters receive the x
chromosome from their father.
• Genotype: XnY and XnXn

Hemophilia
• It is a recessive genetic disorder
affecting humans. In hemophilia, the
blood takes longer period to clot or it
fails to clot.
• This happens because protein factor
VIII or IX necessary for the blood clot is
missing.
• Show a cross between a female carrier
of the trait hemophilia and a normal
male and the probable phenotypes of
the offspring that the couple would
have.
• What is the probability of having sons
who are hemophiliacs?
Genotypic Ratio: XX and XY

Multiple Alleles
• A gene that is controlled by more than
two alleles.
• Through the help of modern
technology, genetics discovered that
there are some traits that are not
controlled only by two alleles but by
multiple alleles.
The Four Blood Types
•A – has antigen A
•B – has antigen B
•AB – has antigen AB
•O – has no antigen
The Four Blood Types
•A – Anti - b
•B – Anti - a
•AB – None
•O – Anti – a and Anti - b
Can receive
Blood Type Genotype
blood from
A IAIA , IAi A, O
B IBIB , IBi B, O
AB IAIB A, B, AB, O
O ii O
• Show the cross between a mother who
has a type o blood and a father who
has type AB blood.
• Genotype:
Let’s Have a Drill
Problem #1
• Show the resulting of a cross two
parents with genotype Bb:
• What percentage of the offspring will
have homozygous dominant?
Problem #2
• Cross two-individuals – one that is
homozygous recessive and the other
has the dominant phenotype, but had
a mother with the recessive
phenotype. Use letter B.
• What percent of the offspring would
have the recessive phenotype?
Problem #3
• A colorblind male marries a normal female. (C
= normal, c = colorblind)
• What is the genotype of the male?
• What is the genotype of the female?
• What is the chance that the child will be
colorblind?
• What is the chance the son will be colorblind?
• What is the chance that a daughter will be a
colorblind carrier?

Punnett Square

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What is the

• Genotype: XnY and XnXn

Genotypic Ratio: XX and XY

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