Skeletal System

21-1
Skeletal System
© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

21-2
Introduction
• Bones provide the • Divisions
body with structure – Axial – 80 bones
and support • Skull
• Vertebral column
• Rib cage
• 206 bones with joints – Appendicular – 126
and connective tissue bones
• Arms and legs
• Pectoral girdle
• Pelvic girdle

21-3
The Skeletal System

21-4
Bone Structure
• Bones contain various
kinds of tissues, Compact Bone
including
– Osseous tissue
Spongy
– Blood vessels Bone
– Nerves
• Osseous tissue can

appear compact or
spongy

21-5
Bone Structure (cont.)

• Compact bone looks
solid
– Structures can be
observed with a
microscope
• All bones are made

up of both compact
and spongy bone

21-6

21-7

• Flat bones – located in the skull and rib
cage
– Ribs
– Frontal bone
• Irregular bones
– Vertebrae
– Bones of the pelvic girdle

21-8
Functions of Bones
• Give shape to body parts
• Support and protect soft structures
– Examples – brain, lungs, heart
• Allow body movement, because skeletal
muscles attach to them
– Allow for voluntary movement

21-9
Functions of Bones (cont.)

• Red bone marrow of
bone produces new
blood cells –
hematopoiesis
• Store calcium

21-10
Apply Your Knowledge

Why is it important for the bones to store calcium?
ANSWER: Every cell in the body needs calcium, so the

body must have a large supply readily available.
Correct!

21-11
Bone Growth
• Ossification – process
of bone growth
• Intramembranous
ossification
– Bones begin as tough,
fibrous membrane
– Bone-forming cells called
osteoblasts turn the
membrane to bone
(located in skull)

21-12
Bone Growth (cont.)

• Endochondral ossification
– Bones begin as cartilage
models
– Primary ossification center
• Bone formed in the diaphysis
– Secondary ossification center
• Epiphyses turn to bone
• Bones with some cartilage between an epiphysis and the
diaphysis will continue to grow
– Medullary cavity and spaces in cancellous bone
form
• Cells that form holes in bone are called osteoclasts

21-13
The Spinal Column

• 7 cervical vertebrae
• 12 thoracic vertebrae
• 5 lumbar vertebrae
• Sacrum
• Coccyx

21-14
The Spinal Column (cont.)

• Cervical vertebrae • Thoracic vertebrae
– Smallest and lightest – Join the 12 pairs of
– Located in the neck ribs
region
– First one is atlas
– Second one is axis
• Lumbar vertebrae
– Have very sturdy
structures

21-15
The Spinal Column (cont.)

• Sacrum
– A triangular-shaped bone that consists of five
fused vertebrae
• Coccyx
– A small, triangular-shaped bone made up of 3
to 5 fused vertebrae
– Considered unnecessary
– More commonly called the tailbone

21-16
The Rib Cage

• Sternum
– Breastplate
– Forms the front
middle portion of
the rib cage
– Joins with the
clavicles and
most ribs
– Xiphoid process
• Cartilaginous tip

21-17
The Rib Cage (cont.)

• 12 pairs of ribs – False
– All are attached • Rib pairs 8, 9, and
10
posteriorly to
• Attach to the costal
thoracic vertebrae
cartilage of rib pair
– True 7
• First seven pairs of – Floating
ribs
• Rib pairs 11 and 12
• Attach to sternum
• Do not attach
by costal cartilage
anteriorly to any
structure

21-18
Joints
• Junctions between bones
• Classification based on
structure
– Fibrous joints
• Connected together with
short fibers
• Between cranial bones and
facial bones
• Sutures – fibrous joints in the
skull

21-19
Joints
– Cartilaginous
joints
• Connected
together with
a disc of
cartilage
• Between
vertebrae

21-20
Joints
– Synovial joints
• Covered with hyaline cartilage
• Held together by a fibrous joint
capsule lined with synovial
membrane
– Secretes synovial fluid so bones
move easily against each other
• Freely movable
• Bones are also held together through
tough, cord-like structures called ligaments

21-21
Common Diseases and Disorders

• Arthritis – general term meaning
joint inflammation
– Osteoarthritis – degenerative joint
disease, primarily of weight-bearing
joints
– Rheumatoid arthritis – chronic
systemic inflammatory disease of
smaller joints and surrounding tissues

21-22
Common Diseases and Disorders (cont.)

• Bursitis – inflammation of a bursa (fluid-
filled sac that cushions tendons)
• Carpal tunnel syndrome – overuse of
wrist; the median nerve in the wrist
becomes compressed
• Ewing’s family of tumors (EFT) – a group
of tumors that affect different tissue types;
primarily bone
• Gout – a type of arthritis; deposits of uric
acid crystals in the joints
21-23
Common Diseases and Disorders (cont.)

• Kyphosis – abnormal curvature of the
spine (humpback)
• Lordosis – exaggerated inward curvature
of the lumbar spine (swayback)
• Osteogenesis imperfecta – brittle-bone
disease
• Osteoporosis – a condition in which

bones thin (become porous) over time
21-24
Common Diseases and Disorders

(cont.)
• Osteosarcoma – a type of bone cancer that
originates from osteoblasts, the cells that make
bony tissue
• Paget’s disease – causes bones to

enlarge and become deformed
and weak
• Scoliosis – an abnormal
S-shaped curvature of
the spine

21-25
Apply Your Knowledge

The doctor has told your patient that he has an
osteosarcoma. What do you know about this
disorder?
Osteosarcoma is a type of bone cancer that

originates from osteoblasts, the cells that make bony
tissue.
Nice Work!
21-26
Rigid, the
skeleton of habit
alone upholds the
human frame.
~ Virginia Woolf

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21-1

© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Skeletal System

© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

• Osseous tissue can

© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Bone Structure (cont.)

• All bones are made

© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Bone Structure (cont.)

© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Bone Structure (cont.)

© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Functions of Bones (cont.)

© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Apply Your Knowledge

ANSWER: Every cell in the body needs calcium, so the

© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Bone Growth (cont.)

© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Spinal Column

© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Spinal Column (cont.)

© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Spinal Column (cont.)

© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Rib Cage

© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Rib Cage (cont.)

© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Common Diseases and Disorders

© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Common Diseases and Disorders (cont.)

Common Diseases and Disorders (cont.)

• Osteoporosis – a condition in which

Common Diseases and Disorders

• Paget’s disease – causes bones to

© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Apply Your Knowledge

Osteosarcoma is a type of bone cancer that

© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

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