Renewable Energy

Sources
An overview on Energy sources (15EE563)
 Module - 1
INTRODUCTION
 Causes of Energy Scarcity, Solution to Energy
Scarcity, Factors Affecting Energy Resource
Development, Energy Resources and Classification,
Renewable Energy – Worldwide Renewable Energy
Availability, Renewable Energy in India.
ENERGY FROM SUN
 Sun- earth Geometric Relationship, Layer of the
Sun, Earth – Sun Angles and their Relationships,
Solar Energy Reaching the Earth’s Surface, Solar
Thermal Energy Applications.
8 hours
 Module – 1
a. INTRODUCTION

 What is Energy?
“The ability to do work”
- Causes changes
 Two forms

Potential Kinetic

 Examples for the forms in your daily Life….?

Energy Consumption
Energy Consumption :
Up& downs in energy:-
Energy Crisis: What it is? Why we
have?
 Energy Crisis: An energy crisis is any significant
bottleneck in the supply of energy resources to an economy.
 The energy crisis is the concern that the world’s demands on
the limited natural resources that are used to power industrial
society are diminishing as the demand rises. These natural
resources are in limited supply.
 Demand is more than supply and this is the main cause of
present power crisis
 Artificial shortages may be created by the oil-producing
countries by withholding the oil.
 Rapid depletion of oil reserves.
 Inadequate alternative sources of energy that can fit the
position of oil causes over reliance on oil and oil products.
What are the causes for Energy
Crisis?
Causes for Energy Crisis:

1. Increasing Population

2. Increasing Energy Usage or Consumption

3. Uneven Distribution of Energy Resources

4. Lacks of Technical Knowhow

Do we have any solution to Energy
Crisis?
Solutions to Energy Scarcity:
1. Minimizing Population growth exploitation and harnessing
the large utilization of known and unknown energy
reservoirs.
2. Development of energy conversion technologies to
convert basic energy reservoirs( primary to secondary
energy resources).
3. Keep the new energy system pollution free as far as
possible, thereby environmentally acceptable to human
beings.
4. The developments of cheap and reliable energy storage
systems. Maintaining new energy development program
that is independent of foreign impact to the extent is
possible.
5. Energy Management.
Factors Affecting Energy Resource
Development:
1. Energy or Fuel Substitution or Scale of Shift

2. Energy Density

3. Power Density

4. Intermittency

5. Geographical Energy Distribution

 Energy Resources & Its Types:
 Energy resource types refer to the origin of the energy source
itself, either Potential (chemical, electrical, etc.) and Kinetic
(heat, sound, etc.) energy.
1.Primary Energy Resources- Derived from
Natural Reserve.
Example: Chemical Fuel, Solar, Wind, Geothermal,
Nuclear, Hydro-Power, etc.
2.Secondary Energy Resources- Usable forms of
energy generated by means of suitable plants to
convert the primary energy.
Example: Electrical Energy, Steam Power,
Hydrogen Energy, etc.
 Primary Energy Resources

Primary Energy Sources can be Sub Classified as:

A. Conventional & Non Conventional Energy Resources:
Conventional Energy Resources are Finite and they are energy stores
within the earth or sea, which include Fossil Fuels, Nuclear Energy
Non- Conventional Energy Sources are infinite and they are obtained from
energy flowing through the natural environment.
B. Renewable & Non Renewable Energy Resources:
Renewable energy resources are continuously restored by Nature. Eg:
Solar, Wind, Water, etc
Non Renewable Energy resources are the reserve that is accumulated in
nature. Eg; Coal, Oil, Gas, Nuclear, etc.
Non-renewable energy resources

These resources have formed over millions of years of geological

processes, and we're using them faster than they can be naturally
replenished. Examples include fossil fuels like coal, petroleum, and natural
gas.

1. Coal 2. Natural Gas

Non-renewable energy resources

3. Petroleum

4. Uranium
Renewable energy resources

Renewable energy resources are those sources of energy which can be

replenished and are not depleted because of our consumption. Renewable
resources include wind, solar, geothermal, hydropower, tidal, and biomass
energy.
1. Wind 2. Solar
Renewable energy resources

3. Geothermal 4. Biomass
Renewable energy resources
6.Hydropower: 7. Hydrogen
Renewable energy resources
8.Tidal 7. Ocean Thermal
Energy consumption is
measure of prosperity
 Country economy
 Standard living , per capita of energy
consumption
 Per capita of US (8000kwh ) and India
(50 times of US - 150 kwh)
 Increase in export
World energy future
 Supply of oil
 Demand for energy
 Coal, nuclear
 Natural gas
 Oil
 Renewable resources
Energy source and availability
 Coal -32%
 Oil -38%
 Gas-19%
 Uranium -0.13%
 Hydro-92%
 Wood , waste ,dung-8%
World Energy Scenario:
 PRODUCTION: TRADE:
CONSUMPTION:
 World Renewable Energy
Scenario:
 ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION:
WIND & SOLAR:
 Electricity sector in India
 Average electricity use (2015-16): 1,074.65 kWh per capita (502.71 kWh per
capita in 2007)
 During the fiscal year 2016-17, the gross electricity generated by utilities in India was
1,236.39 TWh and the total electricity generation (utilities and non utilities) in the
country was 1,433.4 TWh.
 The gross electricity consumption was 3,43,899 MW till June in the year 2018-19.
 India is the world's third largest producer and fourth largest consumer of electricity.
Electric energy consumption in agriculture was recorded highest (17.89%) in 2015-16
among all countries.

 Present scenario: Draft National Electricity Plan, 2016 prepared by the

Government of India states that India does not need additional non-renewable power
plants till 2027 with the commissioning of 50,025 MW coal based power plants
under construction and additional 1,00,000 MW renewable
power capacity
 Electricity Production In INDIA
Module – 1
b. ENERGY FROM SUN
Syllabus: Sun- earth Geometric Relationship,
Layer of the Sun, Earth – Sun Angles and their
Relationships, Solar Energy Reaching the Earth’s
Surface, Solar Thermal Energy Applications.
 Sun- Earth Geometric
Relationship:
 INTRODUCTION
 SUN - EARTH SIZE, POSITION
 DIFFERENT ANGLES
Earth-Sun Geometry
• Spin of the earth about the axis (i.e. rotation)
• Inclination of the axis of spin relative to the
axis of orbit
around the sun
 Shape of the Orbit
• Orbit is an ellipse
• Period: takes ~365.25 days to make one revolution
• Direction: orbits counter-clockwise looking down on the
north pole
• Closest approach - “Perihelion” ~ 147.5 million km
• Farthest distance - “Aphelion” ~ 152.5 million km

Earth
Sun
~July 4 Aphelion Perihelion ~January 3

Note timing
of seasons!
Radiation Receipt
 Solar radiation is received as
parallel rays of energy
(“line of sight, speed of light”)

 Earth’s diameter is 12,765 km

 Sun’s diameter is 1,390,000 km
(over 100 times that of the Earth)

So is the receipt of radiation the same everywhere on

Earth?
Why is it hot in the tropics
and cold at the poles?
 The Earth’s surface is curved relative to the
incoming solar radiation.
 Direct rays (most intense) are always in the
tropical latitudes (23.5 º S to 23.5º N)
 As a result, solar radiation is diffuse in the
polar regions.
The Earth is curved and this cause
differing angles of incidence.
Tilt of the earth on its axis:
 The earth is tilted 23.5º from perpendicular to the plane of the
ecliptic.
 Tilt is currently constantly toward Polaris
 The Earth’s daily rotation about the axis through its
two celestial poles (North and South) is
perpendicular to the equator, but it is not
perpendicular to the plane of the Earth’s orbit.
 In fact, the measure of tilt or obliquity of the Earth’s
axis to a line perpendicular to the plane of its orbit
is currently about 23.5°.
 We call the plane parallel to the Earth’s celestial
equator and through the center of the sun the
plane of the Sun.
Summer Solstice: On the occasion of the
summer solstice, the Sun shines down most directly on
the Tropic of Cancer in the northern hemisphere, making
an angle δ = +23.5° with the equatorial plane.
Winter Solstice: On the day of the winter solstice, the smallest
portion of the northern hemisphere is exposed to the Sun and the Sun is above
the horizon for the shortest period of time there. In fact, the Sun remains below
the horizon everywhere within the Arctic Circle on this day. The Sun shines
down most directly on the tropic
of Capricorn in the southern hemisphere on the occasion of the winter solstice.
Vernal and Autumnal Equinox
 There are two occasions throughout the year when the center
of the Earth lies in the plane of the Sun.
 Since the Earth’s North – South axis of rotation is perpendicular
to this plane, it follows that on these two days every location
on the Earth receives 12 hours of sunshine. These two events
are known as the vernal and autumnal equinoxes.
 Note that
• The Earth is above the plane of the Sun during its motion
from the autumnal equinox to winter solstice to vernal
equinox. Hence, δ < 0 during the fall and winter.
• The Earth is below the plane of the sun as it moves from
vernal equinox to summer solstice and back to
autumnal equinox (i.e. during spring and summer). So δ > 0
during these seasons.
Layers Of Earth:
 The structure of the Earth
 The Earth is made up of four distinct layers:
 The inner core is in the centre and is the hottest part of the Earth.
It is solid and made up of iron and nickel with temperatures of up to
5,500°C. With its immense heat energy, the inner core is like the
engine room of the Earth.
 The outer core is the layer surrounding the inner core. It is a
liquid layer, also made up of iron and nickel. It is still extremely hot,
with temperatures similar to the inner core.
 The mantle is the widest section of the Earth. It has a thickness of
approximately 2,900 km. The mantle is made up of semi-molten
rock called magma. In the upper parts of the mantle the rock is
hard, but lower down the rock is soft and beginning to melt.
 The crust is the outer layer of the earth. It is a thin layer between
0-60 km thick. The crust is the solid rock layer upon which we live.
 There are two different types of crust: continental crust, which
carries land, and oceanic crust, which carries water.
Layers of Sun:
 The Sun, as shown by the illustration to the left, can be divided into six layers. From
the center out, the layers of the Sun are as follows:

1. the solar interior composed of The Core (which occupies the innermost quarter
or so of the Sun’s radius),

2. The Radiative Zone,

3. and the Convective Zone,
4. then there is the visible surface known as the Photosphere,
5. the Chromosphere,
6. and finally the outermost layer, the Corona.
 The Core: This core extends about one quarter of the way from the center of Sun
(where the temperature is around 15.7 million kelvin (K), or 28 million degrees
Fahrenheit) to its surface, which is only 5778 K
 The Radiative Zone: In the innermost shell, right above the core, energy is carried
outwards by radiation. The radiation does not travel directly outwards – in this part of
the Sun’s interior, the plasma density is very high, and the radiation gets bounced
around countless numbers of times, following a zigzag path outward
 Photosphere - The photosphere is the deepest layer of the Sun that we can
observe directly. It reaches from the surface visible at the center of the solar
disk to about 250 miles (400 km) above that. The temperature in the
photosphere varies between about 6500 K at the bottom and 4000 K at the
top (11,000 and 6700 degrees F, 6200 and 3700 degrees C). Most of the
photosphere is covered by granulation.
 Chromosphere - The chromosphere is a layer in the Sun between about
250 miles (400 km) and 1300 miles (2100 km) above the solar surface (the
photosphere). The temperature in the chromosphere varies between about
4000 K at the bottom (the so-called temperature minimum) and 8000 K at
the top (6700 and 14,000 degrees F, 3700 and 7700 degrees C), so in this
layer (and higher layers) it actually gets hotter if you go further away from
the Sun, unlike in the lower layers, where it gets hotter if you go closer to
the center of the Sun.
 Corona - The corona is the outermost layer of the Sun, starting at about
1300 miles (2100 km) above the solar surface (the photosphere). The
temperature in the corona is 500,000 K (900,000 degrees F, 500,000
degrees C) or more, up to a few million K. The corona cannot be seen with
the naked eye except during a total solar eclipse, or with the use of a
coronagraph. The corona does not have an upper limit. Credit: National Solar
Angles:
 Latitude and Longitude are the coordinates of a point ( location ) on
earth's surface. A location on the earth’s surface may be specified by
latitude, longitude and elevation.
 The latitude of a point on the earth's surface is the angle between the
equatorial plane and a line that passes through that point and is normal to
the surface. The north pole is 90° N; the south pole is 90° S. The parallel
of latitude is designated the equator, the fundamental plane of all
geographic coordinate systems.
 The Longitude λ, of a point on the earth's surface is the angle east or
west from a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through
that point.
 Declination, δ , is the angular position of the sun at solar noon
with respect to the place of the equator. Declination varies from -
23.450° to 23.450°. Declination δ is in degrees, for the day, n, of
the year ( counting Jan. 1 as 1 ),can be calculated from,

OR
 Solar Declination: angle between the equatorial plane and the
line joining the centers of the Sun & Earth

 The Sun declination angle, δ, has the range:

– 23.5° < δ < + 23.5° during its yearly cycle .
 Solar Energy Reaching the earth’s
Surface:
Solar Radiation is an Electromagnetic Radiation emitted by sun,
through Photons.
 Solar radiation reaches the earth surface on several factors like
geographical location, time, season, local landscape, local weather.
 Solar Constant (ISC) is the rate at which energy is
received from the sun on a unit area perpendicular to the
rays of the sun at a mean distance of the Earth from the
Sun
 In India, rate of solar radiation has been found to be 6-8 kWh/m2.
 The value of solar constant varies from 1353 W/m2 to 1395 W/m2.
Extra-terrestrial Irradiation:
Solar Radiation Outside the Earth’s Atmosphere:
I0
 The Cosine effect relates to the concept of extra terrestrial
horizontal irradiance, the extra terrestrial solar irradiance
falling on a surface parallel to the ground is
I0H = I0 * cos z
Where, I0 is the extra terrestrial solar irradiance ; z is Solar zenith angle
 Cosine Effect: Reduction of radiation by the cosine of the
angle between the solar radiation and a surface normal is
called Cosine Effect
 Irradiance. The rate of solar radiation
falling on a given area at a moment in
time.
 Irradiance is measured in units of kW/m2.
 Irradiation. The amount of solar energy
over time.
 Irradiation is measured in units of
kWh/m2/day.
 Beam radiation & Diffuse
radiation

 "Direct radiation" is also sometimes called "beam

radiation" or "direct beam radiation". It is used to describe
solar radiation traveling on a straight line from the sun down
to the surface of the earth.
 "Diffuse radiation", on the other hand, describes the
sunlight that has been scattered by molecules
and particles in the atmosphere but that has still made it
down to the surface of the earth
 Direct radiation has a definite direction but diffuse
radiation is just going any which way. Because when the
radiation is direct, the rays are all travelling in the same
direction, an object can block them all at once. This is
why shadows are only produced when direct
radiation is blocked.
Ratio of direct to diffuse radiation
 When the sky is clear and the sun is very high in the
sky, direct radiation is around 85% of the total
insolation striking the ground and diffuse radiation is
about 15%. As the sun goes lower in the sky, the
percent of diffuse radiation keeps going up until it
reaches 40% when the sun is 10° above the horizon.

 Insolation at a point is the sum of Direct and

Diffused Radiation which depend on Altitude of the sun
in the sky.
 Altitude is the angle between the Sun’s Direction and
Solar Thermal Energy
Applications:
1.Passive Systems : Thermo siphon type of water based room
Heating
2.Active System : Consists of copper tube/collectors
encapsulated
in a black insulated chamber
3. Direct Thermal Applications:
a) Low Temperature Solar Thermal System
b) Domestic Water Heating
c) Domestic Space Heating
d) Solar Cooking
e) Crop Drying
f) Space Cooling
g) Day lighting
4.Solar Electric Conversion and Applications
 Solar Thermal Energy Storage
 Thermal Energy Storage can be defined as the
Temporary storage of thermal energy in high or low
temperatures
 There are two types of thermal energy storage
1.Sensible Heat Storage: It means holding heat
in a material without changing its phase when heat is
added or removed. Eg: Rocks, Bricks, etc
2.Latent Heat Storage: It is accomplished by
using solar heat to melt a special material, whenever
heat is needed it is drawn from the said material.
Eg: Cao(Quicklime), Paraffin wax, Glauber’s
Salt, etc
Solar Thermal Energy
Applications: