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    Bridges and Their Design

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    ale hopeju2009
    Bridges use girders and trusses to support their structural loads and span distances. Common girder types include I-beams, box girders, and other variations made of steel, concrete or a combination. Truss bridges distribute weight using a triangular framework under compression and tension. Other bridge types like arch, suspension, and cantilever bridges employ compression, tension, and counterweights to cross long spans. Movable bridges raise and rotate sections to allow water traffic to pass underneath. Engineering advances have increased bridge lengths and types over history.

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    Bridges and Their Design

    Uploaded by

    ale hopeju2009
    96 views31 pages
    Bridges use girders and trusses to support their structural loads and span distances. Common girder types include I-beams, box girders, and other variations made of steel, concrete or a combination. Truss bridges distribute weight using a triangular framework under compression and tension. Other bridge types like arch, suspension, and cantilever bridges employ compression, tension, and counterweights to cross long spans. Movable bridges raise and rotate sections to allow water traffic to pass underneath. Engineering advances have increased bridge lengths and types over history.

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    Bridges use girders and trusses to support their structural loads and span distances. Common girder types include I-beams, box girders, and other variations made of steel, concrete or a combination. Truss bridges distribute weight using a triangular framework under compression and tension. Other bridge types like arch, suspension, and cantilever bridges employ compression, tension, and counterweights to cross long spans. Movable bridges raise and rotate sections to allow water traffic to pass underneath. Engineering advances have increased bridge lengths and types over history.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    96 views31 pages

    Bridges and Their Design

    Uploaded by

    ale hopeju2009
    Bridges use girders and trusses to support their structural loads and span distances. Common girder types include I-beams, box girders, and other variations made of steel, concrete or a combination. Truss bridges distribute weight using a triangular framework under compression and tension. Other bridge types like arch, suspension, and cantilever bridges employ compression, tension, and counterweights to cross long spans. Movable bridges raise and rotate sections to allow water traffic to pass underneath. Engineering advances have increased bridge lengths and types over history.

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    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 31

    Bridges and Their Design

    History
    Bridges have been used since the dawn of humankind Stone bridges became popular in the Roman era In the 19th century, mathematics and physics became applied to design

    What is a Girder Bridge?


    Girder bridges are among the most common and most basic bridges (for example, a tree spanning a creek). Girders are heavily relied upon to provide strength and stability to these bridges. There are two common types of girders: I-Beam Girders Box Girders

    I-Beam Girders
    I-beam girders get their name simply by their design. Consists of one vertical plate (the web) and two horizontal plates (flanges). I-beam girders are used for typically most small bridges without any curves in them.

    Box Girders
    Box girders are similar to I-beam girders except for the fact that they take on the shape of a box. They consist of two webs and two flanges to make the shape of a box. Unlike I-beams, box girders are used to span longer distances and in instances where the bridge must curve for better stability.

    Advantages
    I-Beam Girders Simple design Works well with most applications Easy fabrication Box Girders Increased stability Increased resistance Used for longer bridges with curves

    Disadvantages
    I-Beam Girders Cannot be used on bridges with curves (subject to torque) Cannot span long distances Box Girders More difficult to fabricate than Ibeams More costly

    Other types of Girder Bridges


    Rolled Steel Girder Bridge: made of I-beams that are rolled into that shape at a steel mill. These are useful for spans between 10 meters and 30 meters. Plate Girder Bridge: Made out of flat steel sections that are later welded or fabricated into an I-beam shape. Useful for spans between 10 meters to over 100 meters. Concrete Girder Bridge: Made of concrete girders in an I-beam shape.

    Examples of Girder Bridges

    To the left: The top bridge is a plate girder bridge while the bottom is a concrete girder bridge. To the right: A box girder bridge.

    Coronado Bridge

    Opened August 3, 1969 to connect San Diego with the island of Coronado. 2.12 miles (11,179-feet) long Approximately 200 feet tall Traffic ascends at a 4.67 percent grade and curves 80 degrees. Supported by a box girder giving it support.

    Truss Bridge
    Truss bridges are a type of beam bridge made up of many small beams attached together in triangular configuration to support a large amount of weight and span great distances. They function by compression and tension forces and not by bending forces. They are identified according to the way the chords are arranged.

    How Truss Bridges Work


    A truss is an interconnected framework of beams designed to hold something up. Trusses dont bend, they get pulled apart and pushed together. However once the weight is increased the bridge will stag in the middle. This is due to the individual beams expanding and contracting due to the weight. Trusses must be stable, and not able freely in any direction in order for them to work. The beams have to be placed carefully in the right angles and in equal distances away from each other so they can distribute the weight equally. They are usually supported at the ends by abutments and sometimes in the middle by piers.

    Examples or Truss Bridges


    This is the ASB Bridge located in Jackson County, Missouri

    This is the Beaver Railroad Bridge located in Carroll County, Arkansas

    Arch bridge
    Arch bridges are one of the oldest types of bridges and have great natural strength. Arch bridges consist of compression and tension.

    Compression
    Arch bridges are continuously under compression. The force of compression is pushed along the curve of the arch toward abutments.

    Tension
    The natural curve of the arch and its ability to dissipate the force outward greatly reduces the effects of tension on the underside of the arch. The greater the degree of curvature (the larger the semicircle of the arch), the greater the effects of tension on the underside.

    Suspension Bridges
    Suspension bridges in their simplest form were originally made from rope and wood. Modern suspension bridges use a box section roadway supported by high tensile strength cables. The development of metals brought the use of linked iron bars and chains. Light, and strong, suspension bridges can span distances from 2,000 to 7,000 feet far longer than any other kind of bridge.

    They are ideal for covering busy waterways. This type of bridge is the only practical type suitable for very long spans or when it would be hazardous to maritime traffic to add central supports. A typical suspension bridge is a continuous girder with one or more towers erected above piers in the middle of the span. The girder itself it usually a truss or box girder though in shorter spans, plate girders are not uncommon.

    At both ends of the bridge large anchors or counter weights are placed to hold the ends of the cables. The main cables are stretched from one anchor over the tops of the towers and attached to the opposite anchor. The cables pass over a special structure known as a saddle. The saddle allows the cables to slide as loads pull from one side or the other and to smoothly transfer the load from the cables to the tower.

    World's Longest Suspension Bridge


    Akashi Kaikyo Bridge, Japan Total Length : 3,911m Center Span : 1,991m

    Cantilever Bridges
    To solve the problem of increasing the span distance, other alternatives to beam and arch bridges included suspension and cantilever bridges. Cantilever bridges are a modified form of beam bridge, with the support being placed not at the end, but in the middle of the span. A cantilever is a structure or beam that is unsupported at one end but supported at the other, like diving boards. This configuration made longer spans possible and wider clearance beneath.

    A simple cantilever span is formed by two cantilever arms extending from opposite sides of the obstacle to be crossed, meeting at the center. In a common variant, the suspended span, the cantilever arms do not meet in the center; instead, they support a central truss bridge which rests on the ends of the cantilever arms. The suspended span may be built offsite and lifted into place, or constructed in place using special traveling supports.

    Forth Railway Bridge


    The Forth Railway Bridge (or Firth of Forth Bridge) is made of a pair of cantilever arms that extend out from two main towers. The beams are supported by diagonal steel tubes projecting from the top and bottom of the towers. These spans support a central suspended span. Some structural members of the bridge are as large as 12 feet in diameter.

    Movable Bridges
    They span waterways Closed bridge to carry traffic Open to allow marine traffic to travel under Usually powered by electric motors In the past they were powered by steam engines

    There are three main types:


    1.Bascule 2.Vertical lift 3. Swing

    Bascule Bridge or Drawbridge


    Used for short distances Have two movable spans the rise upward, opening in the middle When open the weight is supported by the stationary section of the bridge

    Vertical-lift Bridge

    Used for longer distances Straight bridge, held between two towers Lifted by steel ropes, attached to counterweights -as the counterweights go down the bridge goes up and vise-versa. Operate in an elevator like fashion

    Swing Bridges
    Mounted on a central pier The central pier allows the bridge to rotate to the side Uncommonly used because the central pier is located in the area where boats like to travel

    A cable stayed bridge is a bridge with one or more pillars. They are similar to suspension bridges but defer in the way the cables are connected to the towers. The two types of cable-stayed bridges are parallel attachment design and radial attachment design. In a parallel attachment design the cables are attached at different heights along the tower and are parallel to one another and in a radial attachment design the cables are attached at a single point at the top of the tower and on several places on the road.

    Parallel Attachment Design

    Radial Attachment Design

    Works cited
    Bridges E. R. Hardesty, et al., "Bridge", in AccessScience@McGraw-Hill, http://www.accessscience.com, DOI 10.1036/1097-8542.095500, last modified: April 5, 2001. http://www.accessscience.com/serverjava/Arknoid/science/AS/Encyclopedia/0/09/Est_095500_frameset.html Movable bridges Bridge (structure) http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761561057/Bridge_(structure).html Lift Bridge http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lift_bridge Bascule Bridge http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bascule_bridge Swing Bridge http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swing_bridge Truss bridges http://bridges.midwestplaces.com/mo/butler/black-river-rr/ http://www.answers.com/topic/truss-bridge-1 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truss_bridge http://www.ce.ufl.edu/activities/trusslab/trussndx.html http://bridges.midwestplaces.com/browse/type/truss/through/baltimore/ Cable-stayed bridges http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable-stayed_bridge http://www.matsuo-bridge.co.jp/english/bridges/basics/cablestay.shtm eng.midasuser.com/.../pro_app/pro_app_civil.asp

    Works Cited (continued)


    Box Girder Bridge. 18 September 2006. http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://content.answers.com/mai n/content/wp/en/thumb/b/b5/375pxPlateBoxFlyover.JPG&imgrefurl=http://www.answers.com/topic/box-girderbridge&h=281&w=375&sz=29&hl=en&start=40&tbnid=3rraxOjh0uE9fM:&t bnh=91&tbnw=122&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dgirder%2Bbridge%26start%3 D21%26ndsp%3D21%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26sa%3D N. Girder Bridge. Wikipedia. 18 September 2006. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girder_bridge. Girder Bridges. Matsuo Bridge Company. 1999. 18 September 2006. http://www.matsuo-bridge.co.jp/english/bridges/basics/girder.shtm. San Diegos Coronado Bridge. 20 September 2006. http://p.vtourist.com/386483-San_Diego_and_Coronado_BridgeSan_Diego.jpg. San Diego Coronado Bridge. 18 September 2006. http://www.coronado.ca.us/bridge.html.

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