Grounding

19 April 2022
 Grounding
• A direct or indirect connection to the
planet Earth or to some conducting
body that serves in place of the
Earth
• The connection(s) to Earth can be
intentional or unintentional by an
assortment of metallic means
intended to be employed as a
designated grounding electrode.
• The grounding electrode conductor
is the designed conductor that is
employed to connect the grounding
electrode(s) to other equipment
grounding conductors, grounded
conductor, and structure.
 Purpose
1.Provide for an applicable reference to earth to stabilize
Safety the system voltage of a power distribution system during
Protection normal operations.
2.Create a very low impedance path for ground fault
current to flow in a relatively controlled path.
Human 3.Create a very low impedance path for ground fault
current to flow in order for overcurrent protective devices
and any ground fault protection systems to operate
effectively as designed and intended.
Electrical
Equipmen 4.Limit differences of potential, potential rise, or step
gradients between equipment and personnel, personnel
t and earth, equipment and earth, or equipment to
equipment.
5.Limit voltage rise or potential differences imposed on a
power distribution system from lightning, a surge event,
any phase-to-ground fault conditions, or the inadvertent
commingling of or the unintentional contact with different
voltage system.
 Purpose

Case 2

Case 1
 Purpose
Ground Fault
Protection

Residual Current
Circuit Breaker

Case 3

Ground Fault Relay

 Installation
Grounding Electrode
A common designated grounding electrode is often a copper clad or copper
flashed steel rod
Grounding Conductor
A conductor used to connect equipment or the grounded circuit of a wiring
system to a grounding electrode or electrodes."
A “grounding conductor” is intended to only carry current during an
“abnormal” operation of the power distribution system or a faulted condition
Grounding Box
A Place to connect between Grounding Conductor from equipment tor
Grounding conductor that connect to Grounding Electrode
Earth
Earth it self, is a reference point. Usually chosed with low earth resistance
value
 Installation

Grounding Box

Grounding Electrode Earth Resistance

Tester
 Earthing System
Intenational Standard IEC 60364 distinguishes three families of earthing
arrangements, using the two-letter codes TN, TT, and IT.

First Letter
“T” Direct connection of a point with earth (Latin: terra)
No point is connected with earth (isolation), except perhaps
“I”
via a high impedance.
The first letter indicates the connection between earth and the power-supply
equipment (generator or transformer)
 Earthing System
Second Letter
Earth connection is by a local direct connection to earth
“T”
(Latin: terra)
Earth connection is supplied by the electricity supply
“N” Network, either as a separate protective earth (PE) conductor
or combined with the neutral conductor
“S” Separate Protective earth conductor with the neutral
“C” Combined Protective Earth Conductor with the neutral
The second letter indicates the connection between earth or network and the
electrical device being supplied
 Earthing System
TT Earthing System TN-S-Earthing System

The protective earth separate protective earth (PE)

connection for the consumer is and neutral (N) conductors
provided by a local earth from transformer to consuming
electrode device, which are not
connected together at any
point after the building
distribution point.
 Earthing System
TN-C Earthing System TN-C-S Earthing System

Combined PE and N conductor combined PEN conductor from

all the way from the transformer to building
transformer to the consuming distribution point, but separate
device PE and N conductors in fixed
indoor wiring and flexible
power cords
 Earthing System
IT Earthing System

In an IT network, the electrical

distribution system has no
connection to earth at all, or it
has only a high Impedance
connection
 Earthing System
Comparison Table of Earthing System
TT IT TN-S TN-C TN-C-S
Earth fault loop
High Highest Low Low Low
impedance
RCD preferred? Yes N/A Optional No Optional
PE conductor cost Low Low Highest Least High
Risk of broken neutral No No High Highest High
Safety Safe Less Safe Safest Least Safe Safe
Electromagnetic
Least Least Low High Low
interference
High loop
Double fault, Broken Broken Broken
Safety risks impedance (step
overvoltage neutral neutral neutral
voltages)
Continuity of Safety and
Advantages Safe and reliable Safest Cost
operation, cost cost
 Earthing System
• L : Line is a path where the current
should flow
• N : Neutral is a path where the line current
should return to source
• E : Grounding conductor is a path where
current should not flow in normal
operation. Intended for safety purpose
 Measurement

• E : Grounding Test Electrode

• H : Potential Test Electrode
• S : Current Test Electrode

• Ensure that the arrangement of test electrode are correct. The Potential Test
electrode must be between the other electrode
• A direct alignment between Grounding Electrode, Potential Test Electrode and
Current Test Electrode is preferred to obtain an accurate measurement data.
• Use straight cable for test probe to prevent increase in impedance due to rolled
cable
 Standard
• System ground resistances of less than 1 ohm may be obtained
by the use of a number of individual electrodes connected
together. Such a low resistance is only required for large
substations, transmission lines, or generating stations.
Resistances in the 1 ohm to 5 ohm range are generally found
suitable for industrial plant substations and buildings and large
commercial installations.
(IEEE Std 142-2007 Article 4.1.3)
• Tahanan pembumian dan seluruh sistem pembumian tidak boleh
lebih dan 5 ohm (Peraturan Menteri Tenaga Kerja Republik
Indonesia No : PER.02/MEN/1989 Pasal 54 Ayat 1)
 Classification
A 1. Lightning Arrester Based On IEC
(E.A) 2. Body Ground HV and MV Equipments
3. Bonding Cable Rack HV / MV Cable 60038
4. Body Grounding of Transformer
5. Grounding Separator MV and LV system • ELV: Up to 50V
6. Grounding Hand Hole and Man Hole for MV line
cable • LV : Up to 1kV
B Grounding for Neutral Transformer
(E.B)
C 1. Body Ground of LV Equipment
• MV: 1kV to
(E.C) 2. Ground for separator LV and ELV system
35kV
3. Grounding of man holes/ handholes for LV Line
Cable
• HV: 35kV to
4. Bonding of cable rack/tray/c-channel 230kV
5. Grounding / bonding of Busduct LV line system
D Bonding of conduits and boxes of less than 220V
• EHV : >230kV
Note :
(E.D)
This classification is used by PT. Kinden Only
G Grounding of Neutral Generator
(E.G)
 Maintenance
Measuring the earth resistance value is recommended to see if the
grounding system is still connected to earth which result of earth
resistance value still follow standard.
Measurement can be done in yearly maintenance, or when the
weather change.
Step :
1. Disconnect the Protective Earth or Neutral wire to Grounding
Electrode inside Grounding Box
2. Connect Grounding Test Probe, Potential Test Probe & Current
test probe to designated test bar
3. Read the value of earth resistance
 Maintenance
Measuring the earth resistance value is recommended to see if the
grounding system is still connected to earth which result of earth
resistance value still follow standard.

To Current Test
Grounding Test Electrode
Electrode

To Potential Test
Electrode
 Fault
Id

RCD
Id’
Earth Fault
Id’ Relay
Id”
Id’

Id’
 Fault Clearance
Residual Current Device
(RCD)
• Detect unbalance current
caused by fault to trigger
Trip the Breaker Sensitivity
• No Use of Current adjustment
Transformer
• Highly Recommended to
be used to protect a
single load
• 30mA, 300mA, 500mA Earth Leakage
sensitivity option (IEC Fault Reset
60364, SNI 04-0225-
2000)
• ELCB, RCCB, RCBO
 Fault Clearance
Ground Fault Relay (GFR)
• Detect unbalance current
caused by fault to trigger
Trip other equipment
• Need Current Transformer
to be functioned properly
• Usually called Earth Fault
Fault Clearance
Relay (EFR) Time adjustment
• Usually located at Main
MV or LV Panel
• Indicated by code
51G,50G for ANSI Ground Fault
Standard Threshold
Fault Indicator
 Earth Leakage
1. Where the ground conductor should not carry the
load current, sometimes few current in order of mA
are present due to imperfect insulation or phase to
ground fault. This is what it called by earth leakage
current.
2. The amount of this current flowing through ground
conductor is inevitable. This could trigger tripping
device such a RCD or GFR to operate end open the
circuit.
3. The amount of those current should be maintained
below the threshold of ground fault clearing device.
4. A measurement of leakage current also could help
prevent and detect the source of leakage current.

Earth Leakage Clamp On

High Tester
 Earth Leakage
1. To Measure Line Current , Be sure to
Clamp Only on One Line Cable.
2. To Measure Leakage Current Single
phase (L-N), Be sure to Clamp Both
Line Cable and Neutral Cable only.
3. To Measure Leakage Current in 3 Phase
system with Neutral, Be sure to Clamp
all line and neutral cable together.
4. To measure Leakage Current 3 Phase
system without, Be sure to clamp all
line cable together.
5. To measure total leakage current, Clamp
the Main Grounding conductor from
Grounding Electrode.
Earth Leakage Clamp On
High Tester
 Earth Leakage

Earth Leakage
measurement

Total Earth
Leakage Earth Leakage
measurement Earth Leakage measurement
measurement
Earth Leakage Measurement
 Earth Leakage
C D #Case 1 :
Fault : “ A ”
Measurement : “ C “

#Case 2 :
E F Fault : “ B ”
A Measurement : “ E “

Earth Leakage Current Limit

Protection against Direct 30 mA
B Contact
Protection against In-Direct 300
Contact mA
Protection against danger 500
Earth Leakage Measurement of Fire mA
… Thank You …