Cell Organisation and Pathogens.

Learning Objective: Explore the features of Eukaryotic

and prokaryotic organisms.

Keywords DO NOW
1. Copy out the date and title
Eukaryotes (underline with a ruler)
Prokaryotes 2. Copy out the keywords
Pathogen 3. RAG the 3 LOs
Vector 4. Complete the DO NOW
 Starter Activity

Place these diseases in the right column.

Heart attack, Measles, cancer, mumps, rubella,
malaria, diabetes, asthma.
N.B. You may add more diseases.
Communicable disease Non-communicable
diseases
Starter Activity
 Success Criteria

know the similarities and differences

between generalized plant, animal, and
bacterial cells
Some micro-organisms are pathogens
Organisms that cause disease are called pathogens.
Microorganisms are tiny organisms that can only be
seen with the aid of a microscope.
What are the four major types of pathogen?

bacteria
fungi

protozoa

virus
Think-Pair-Share
Content
 Group Task
• Each group will research the features with
examples of;
• Animal
• Plant
• Fungi
• Bacteria
• Protoctist.
Plant
Animal
Fungi
Protoctist
Bacteria
 Useful micro-organisms.
Micro-organisms are very small living organisms. They can
be both harmful and useful to humans. Some micro-organisms that produce useful substances are used in
food production.

Bacteria are used in

the production of yoghurt and cheese.

Fungi are used in the manufacture of bread,

alcohol and mycoprotein.
 Progress Sheet
To show how confident you are with each statement, either colour the squares
red, amber or green or tick the box.

I can …………………… RED AMBER GREE

N
Mini- Plenary
Plenary
 Pathogens.
Learning Objective: To describe the causes of different
diseases, their symptoms and relevant prevention methods.

Keywords DO NOW
1. Copy out the date and title
Pathogen (underline with a ruler)
Vector 2. Copy out the keywords
Diseases 3. RAG the 3 LOs
Symptoms 4. Complete the DO NOW
Infection and Response
Causes of Diseases
 Learning Objective
• To state the causes of different diseases, their symptoms and relevant prevention methods.

Success Criteria
• To define what a pathogen is.
• To explain how some diseases can be spread and the methods of prevention.
• To interpret new information.
 Alphabet Diseases
Can you think of a disease starting with each letter of the alphabet?

Extension: Can you state some facts about one of the

diseases you have listed?
 Pathogens
What is a pathogen?
A pathogen is a disease-causing organism.

What are the 4 types of pathogens?

• bacteria

• fungus

• virus

• protists
 Pathogens: Mumps
Mumps is a disease spread by an airborne virus. It is carried by droplets of saliva in the air when a person
sneezes or coughs. It causes swelling of the face and under the ears. To stop the spread of the disease,
there is the MMR vaccination.

Pathogen:
For this disease, determine the following:
Symptoms:
Virus
Method of transmission:
Prevention method: Swelling of the face and under the ears.

Airborne – droplets of saliva in the air.

MMR vaccine.
 Diseases: Data Collection
You are going to be given an information sheet about a specific disease.

You have four minutes to memorise as much as possible about your disease. You should know
the following:
• name;
• symptoms;
• how it is transmitted;
• cause;
• treatment and prevention.
 Diseases: Data Collection
Working in a clockwise manner, one of you visits the next table
and talks about your disease.

The other person will stay seated and will be visited by a

person from another pair. Your job is to listen to information
about a different disease. After two minutes, everybody returns
to their original place: the person who was listening shares the
information with their partner and you will update your activity
sheet.

After a few minutes, you will swap roles. Throughout this

activity, you will swap roles multiple times - sometimes
sharing information, and at other times listening.

Pause for Thought

Everybody needs to swap roles when told to do so and not before.
Remember which table you visited last to ensure you visit them in order.
 How It Is
Disease Symptoms Cause Prevention
Transmitted
Measles

Rose Black Spot

Malaria

Tobacco Mosaic

Salmonella

Gonorrhoea

HIV
 Assessment Plenary:
Pathogens Quick Quiz
How much can you remember?

State whether the following diseases are caused

by virus, bacteria, fungi or protist.

Write your
answer on
a white
board.
 Measles

bacteria fungi

virus protist
 Rose Black Spot

bacteria fungi

virus protist
 Malaria

bacteria fungi

virus protist
Salmonella (Food Poisoning)

bacteria fungi

virus protist
Tobacco Mosaic Disease

bacteria fungi

virus protist
 GCSE Exam Questions
1. a) Define the term pathogen. (1 mark)

Measles could be eliminated from the UK if all children had the MMR vaccine.

b) (i) Name the 3 diseases the MMR vaccine protects against. (3 marks)

(ii) Not all parents are getting their children inoculated with the
MMR vaccine. Suggest why. (2 marks)
 Human Defence System
Learning Objective:.

Keywords DO NOW
1. Copy out the date and title
Immunity (underline with a ruler)
Vaccine 2. Copy out the keywords
Pathogen 3. RAG the 3 LOs
Antibody 4. Complete the DO NOW

Antitoxin
Diseases
Infection and Response
Human Defence Systems
 Learning Objective L
• To understand how the human body prevents and stops pathogen invasions.

Success Criteria
• To describe non-specific human defence systems, and how the body responds to vaccinations.
• To explain how white blood cells fight infection.
• To create a pictorial representation of how white blood cells fight pathogens.
• To explain the pros and cons of vaccinations.
• To interpret data from a graph.
• To analyse the role of antibiotics in society and describe how ‘superbugs’ evolve
 Starter
What do the bubbles represent?

pathogens
 Non-Specific Defence Systems of the
Human Body
If there are numerous pathogens in the room all the time, why are we not continually ill?

You have two minutes to discuss with a

partner how the body defends itself from
all these pathogens. Note down all of
your ideas in your book.

Talk to the pair next to you, do they have any

different ideas?
Non Specific Human Defence Systems
Nose: Nasal hair keeps out Skin: The skin is a complete barrier
dust and larger micro against pathogens (unless cut) and
organisms. The production produces antimicrobial secretions.
of mucus also helps trap
pathogens.
Trachea and
Bronchi: Both of
these produce
Stomach: The
mucus to catch
stomach produces
pathogens, and are
hydrochloric acid to
lined with cilia
kill any pathogens
(hairs).
that may enter.
 Complete the Table Below
Body Defence Mechanism How It Stops Pathogens
Nose

Skin

Trachea

Bronchi

Stomach
 What Am I?
I help protect the body from
diseases and foreign
invaders.

I am made in the bone

marrow.

I have a nucleus.

white
I am found in the blood. blood cell

White blood cells defend the body in three different ways:

1. phagocytosis;
2. producing antibodies;
3. producing antitoxins.
 Phagocytosis
Phagocytes are a type of white blood cell that engulf pathogens in the following way:

1. the phagocyte identifies a pathogen and attaches itself to it;

2. cytoplasm surrounds and engulfs pathogen;

3. the pathogen is killed and digested;

4. indigestible residue is removed.

 Storyboard
Create a storyboard to illustrate what happens to pathogens in phagocytosis, for example:

1. The phagocyte identifies a pathogen and attaches itself to it.

2. Cytoplasm surrounds and engulfs pathogen.
3. Pathogen is killed and digested.
4. Indigestible residue is removed

Key Terms
• engulf
• phagocytes
• cytoplasm
 Antibodies
1. Pathogens contain antigens (unique molecules) on their surface.

2. When white blood cells detect these antigens, they produce antibodies (proteins) in response.

3. The antibodies lock onto the antigens, rendering them useless, whilst other white blood cells now
destroy them.

4. Antibodies are specific to a particular pathogen and can be produced very quickly should the
pathogen re-enter the body.
 Storyboard
Create a storyboard to illustrate how producing antibodies
destroys pathogens.

Hint – It may help to draw the antigens in one colour and the antibodies in another.

Key Terms
• pathogen
• antigens
• antibodies
• specific
 Antitoxins
1. Bacteria can produce toxins that are harmful to the human body.

2. White blood cells detect the toxins and produce antitoxins.

3. The antitoxins neutralise the effect of toxins.

 Your task
Create a storyboard to illustrate how producing antitoxins counteracts toxins produced by
bacteria.

Key Terms
• toxins
• antitoxins
• bacteria
 Storyboard Examples
Phagocystosis

Antibodies

Antitoxins
 Assessment: Exam Style Questions
1. What are microorganisms that cause disease called? (1 mark)
pathogens

2. White blood
antibodies andcells can defend the body in 3 different ways. They can produce antibodies, and
phagocytes
what are the other 2 methods? (2 marks)

3. Explain
White howcells
blood white blood cells
recognise provide and
the pathogen immunity against
can rapidly a person
reproduce the getting the same disease
antibody.
twice. (2 marks)
 Vaccinations
How many diseases have you been vaccinated against?

rabies
tetanus yellow fever

diphtheria
hepatitis B

measles, mumps,
rubella (MMR) BCG

whooping cough meningitis

HPV (girls only)
 How Do Vaccines Work?
1. A small amount of dead or inactive pathogen is injected into the body.

2. The pathogen has an antigen on its surface.

3. White blood cells detect the antigen as a foreign body.

4. White blood cells produce antibodies which lock onto the antigen destroying it.

5. Memory white blood cells are produced.

6. If the pathogen re-enters the body, the antibodies are mass produced very quickly, preventing re-
infection.
 How Do Vaccines Work?
Complete the cut and stick sequencing activity to show how vaccinations work.
Plenary: The Immune System Loop Cards
Can you match the key word or phrase to link these cards?
AQA Infection and Response Immunity,
Antibiotics and Painkillers
 Starter

“I don’t want my child to receive the

MMR vaccine, it has been linked to
autism.”

Share your ideas with the pair working next to you. Do they have any
different ideas?

This has been

In pairs you have 3
proven to be false,
minutes to provide
but why might some
as many pros and
people have thought
cons to vaccines
this?
 Herd Immunity
This involves a high percentage of a population being immune to a disease (due to vaccinations). The
disease cannot be passed on because it cannot find a new host and consequently dies.
 Quick Assessment
The graph below shows the number of whooping cough cases and the percentage of babies
vaccinated against the disease in England and Wales.

What does the graph show about the effect of vaccinations? (3 marks)
 Quick Assessment Answers
After the vaccination was introduced in 1950, the number of people suffering from whooping cough
decreased.
In the late 1970s and early 1980s, the number of whooping cough cases increased.
The number of cases of whooping cough relates to the uptake of the vaccine, showing that when lots of
children were being vaccinated the number of whooping cough cases was low, and vice versa.
 Who Am I?
Alexander
? Fleming

I was born in Ayrshire 1881, son of a farmer.

I trained to become a Doctor.

I served as a Captain in the Royal Medical

Corps, witnessing many soldiers dying from
infected wounds.

My discovery happened by accident: I had

gone on holiday and on my return, I
discovered a bacteria destroying mould
(penicillin).
 Antibiotics
Antibiotics kill bacteria without harming the body’s cells.

Different bacteria respond to different antibiotics.

Antibiotics cannot be used to treat viruses because these reproduce inside cells, and it causes problems
trying to kill only the virus and not the body’s cells.
 Activity 1: Bacterial Growth
Alice cut her hand whilst trying to cut some wood. The wound had become infected with some
bacteria. The bacteria double every 20 minutes.

Complete the table on your activity sheet to

show how many bacteria there would be after
3 hours.
Use your results to draw a graph
showing the growth of bacteria.
 What If…

The number of
Abacteria
course of
would
antibiotics
start
were
decreasing
prescribed
andto
eventually
Alice?all be
killed.
Alice
The bacteria
took the numbers
antibiotics
would
for a
decrease,
few days,butthenot
wound
all would
looked be
killed
better
andand
theyshe
would
failed
start
to to
complete
multiply
theagain.
course?

What’s your idea?

 Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria:
Rise of the Superbug
The overuse of antibiotics has led to bacteria mutating and becoming resistant to antibiotics.

MRSA, a type of bacteria, causes serious

wound infection and can no longer be
treated by the antibiotic methicillin.
 How Does Bacterial Resistance Occur?
• A person’s wound becomes infected by bacteria.

• The population of bacteria will contain some bacteria susceptible to antibiotics and some that are
resistant.

• Antibiotics are prescribed.

• The susceptible bacteria are slowly killed, nothing happens to the resistant bacteria.

• The course of bacteria has been taken and yet harmful bacteria remain.

• The remaining bacteria can start to multiply.

• If the antibiotic is prescribed again, it will have no effect because all the bacteria are resistant.
 What Can We Do?
Doctors should not over prescribe antibiotics.

Good hygiene practices should be adopted, for example, wash hands

thoroughly especially when visiting people in hospital.

If you have MRSA, you will be isolated until the bacteria has been
killed.
 Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria:
Rise of the Superbug
Your task is to complete a storyboard showing how bacterial resistance develops.
Rearrange the sentences into the correct order and use the following diagrams:

normal bacteria resistant bacteria

1. An injury is sustained.
2. Antibiotics are prescribed.
3. The resistant bacteria start to multiply and remain in the person’s system.
4. The wound has become infected.
5. If the antibiotics are prescribed again, they will have no effect and an alternative has to be
found.
6. The course of antibiotics has been completed and yet bacteria remain.
7. The infected wound contains both susceptible and resistant bacteria.
8. The antibiotics destroy the susceptible bacteria and the resistant bacteria remain.
 Plenary
What is the difference between antibiotics and painkillers?

Painkillers and other medicines are used to ease the symptoms, but do
not kill the pathogen. Antibiotics kill the pathogen.
 Home Learning
How many medicines can you think of that ease the symptoms,
but do not kill the pathogen?

Extension:
If you have a bad cold, your doctor will recommend you take painkillers and not antibiotics, why
is this?