Computer Organization Concepts: CCS 3000: Computer Organization With Assembly Programming Quijano, Ma. Christina

Computer Organization Concepts
CCS 3000: Computer Organization with Assembly

Programming
Quijano, Ma. Christina

A Brief History of Computer Organization
Computer organization is how features are
implemented with the specific building blocks visible
to designer or constructor, such as control signals,
interfaces, memory technology.
Computer organization defines the ways in which
these components interconnected, and controlled.
Architecture can have a number of organizational
implementations, and organization differs between
different versions.
Basic units of a computer
Processor-- center for manipulation and control
Memory – storage for instructions and data for
currently executing programs
I/O system – controller which communicate with
“ external” devices: secondary memory,
display devices, networks
Data-path & control – collection of parallel wires,
transmits data, instructions, or control signal
The History of Computer Organization
1st Generation: vacuum tubes (1946 – 1959)
2nd Generation: transistors (1959-1965)
3rd Generation: integrated circuits (1965 – 1971)
4th Generation: microprocessors (1971 – 1980)
5th Generation: Artificial Intelligence (1981-
PRESENT)
The advance of
Processor(microprocessors- Intel)
 1977: 8080 – the first general purpose microprocessor, 8 bit data path, used in first
personal computer
 1978: 8086 – much more powerful with 16 bit, 1mb addressable, instruction cache,
prefetch few instructions
 1980: 8087 – the floating point coprocessor is added
 1982: 80286 – 24 Mbyte addressable memory space, plus instructions
 1985: 80386 – 32 bit, new addressing modes and support for multitasking
 1989 -- 1995:
 80486 – 25, 33, MHz, 1.2 M transistors, 5 stage pipeline, sophisticated powerful cache and
instruction pipelining, built in math co-processor
 Pentium – 60, 66 MHz, 3.1 M transistor, branch predictor, pipelined floating point, multiple
instructions executed in parallel, first superscalar IA-32.
 PentiumPro -- Increased superscalar, register renaming, branch prediction, data flow analysis, and
speculative execution
 1885 – 1997: Pentium II – 233, 166, 300 MHz, 7.5 M transistors, first compaction of p6
micro- architecture, MMX technology, graphics video and audio processing
 1889: Pentium III – additional floating point instructions for 3D graphics
 2000: Pentium IV – Further floating point and multimedia enhancements
 1993 – 2000: Itanium /Itanium 2 – 733 MHz, 25 M transistor, 0,18 micron, 3 levels of
cache, superscalar degree 6, first implementation of 64-bit Itanium architecture.
Class Discussion
Intel Processors – 2000 to present
Cores- What are they?
A CPU core is a CPU’s processor.
 In the old days, every processor had just one core that
could focus on one task at a time.
CPUs at present has been two and 18 cores, each of
which can work on a different task.
A core can work on one task, while another core works
a different task, so the more cores a CPU has, the more
efficient it is.
Single Core Visualization
Quad Core Visualization
Evolution of Memory
 1970: RAM /DRAM, 4.77 MHz
 1987: FPM – fast page mode DRAM, 20 MHz
 1995, EDO – extended Data Output, which increases the read
cycle between memory and CPU, 20, MHz
 1997- 1998: SDRAM – Synchronous DRAM, which
synchronizes itself with the CPU bus and runs at higher clock
speeds, PC66 at 66 MHz, PC100 at 100 MHz
 1999: RDRAM – Rambus DRAM, which DRAM with a very
high bandwidth, 800 MHz
 1999-2000: SDRAM PC133 at 133 MHz, DDR at 266 MHz
 2001: EDRAM – Enhanced DRAM, which is dynamic or
power-refreshed RAM, also know as cached DRAM
Class Discussion
Memory Types– 2001 to present
Von Neumann Architecture system
CPU
INPUT
ALU
Memory
OUTPUT Control
Unit
Processors
This little chip is the heart of a computer. Also referred
to as the "microprocessor," the processor does all the
computations such as adding, subtracting, multiplying,
and dividing. In PCs, the most popular microprocessor
used is the Intel Pentium chip, whereas Macintosh
computers use the PowerPC chip (developed by
Motorola, IBM, and Apple).
The Bus
A bus consist of 1 or more wires. There's usually a bus
that connects the CPU to memory and to disk and I/O
devices.
Real computers usually have several busses, even
though the simple computer we have modeled only has
one bus where we consider the data bus, the address
bus, and the control bus as part one larger bus.
The size of the bus is the number of wires in the bus.
We can refer to individual wires or a group of adjacent
wires with subscripts.
Data, Address, and Control Busses
There are usually 3 kinds of busses.
There's a 32-bit data bus, which is used to write or read
32 bits of data to or from memory.
There's a 32-bit address bus for the CPU to specify
which address to read or write from or to memory.
A control bus to allow the CPU and memory to
communicate (for example, to indicate when and
whether a read or write is to be performed).
Fetch, Execute, Decode
IF (Instruction Fetch)
D (Decode the instruction. Fetch Operands)
ALU (Perform the operation)
MEM ((Physical) Memory access)
WB (Write Back)
PC Update (PC Update)

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Computer Organization Concepts

CCS 3000: Computer Organization with Assembly

Quijano, Ma. Christina

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