Lecture 2

Solid Fuels
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Classification of Coal
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 Lignite
 Soft coal
 Composed mainly of volatile matter and moisture content with low
fixed carbon.
 Anthracite
 Hard coal
 Composed mainly of carbon with little volatile content and practically
no moisture
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Ultimate Analysis
 The ultimate analysis indicates the various elemental
chemical constituents such as carbon, hydrogen, oxygen,
sulphur, etc.
 It is useful in determining the quantity of air required for

combustion and the volume and composition of the
combustion gases.
 This information is required for the calculation of flame
temperature and the flue duct design etc.
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Significance of Coal Constituents
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Coke
 Coke is a grey, hard, and porous fuel with a
high carbon content and few impurities, made by
heating coal in the absence of air—a destructive
distillation process.
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Storage, Handling and Preparation of
Coal
 Problems associated with coal storage
 Build-up of inventory
 Space constraints
 Deterioration in quality
 Fire hazard
 Oxidation loss
 Wind loss
 Carpet loss (formation of a soft carpet, comprising of coal dust
and soil)
 Carpet losses can be reduced by:
 Preparing a hard solid surface for coal to be stored
 Preparing standard storage bays of concrete and brick
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Storage, Handling and Preparation of Coal
 Problems associated with coal preparation
The preparation of coal prior to feeding into the boiler is an
important step for achieving good combustion. Large and
irregular lumps of coal may cause the following problems:
 Poor combustion conditions and inadequate furnace
temperature
 Higher excess air resulting in higher stack loss
 Increase of unburnt material in the ash
 Low thermal efficiency
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PAKISTAN
Coal Power
Generation Potential
There are vast resources of coal in all four provinces of Pakistan
and in Azad Jammu & Kashmir. Map 1 shows
locations and names of major coalfields and coal
occurrences of Pakistan. According to rough estimates,
the total coal resources of Pakistan are more than 185
billion tonnes. Coal reserves, together with heating values (as on
received basis), of all the four Provinces and Azad Kashmir are
given here below.
The presence of coal deposits in Pakistan was known before
independence, but its economic value was highlighted in 1980
when large reserves of coal were discovered in the Lakhra and
Sonda areas of Sindh Province. The discovery of another huge
coal deposit of 175.5 billion tonnes in an area of 10,000 sq. km in
Tharparkar District of Sindh has provided a quantum increase
in the coal resources of Pakistan. After this discovery, Pakistan is
now the 6th richest nation of the world in respect of coal
resources. Pakistan did not appear even on the list of coal-rich
countries before the
discovery of Thar Coal. Coal resources available to Pakistan exist
in all four provinces and in AJK.
The total coal reserves are estimated at 185.5 billion tonnes,
details whereof are in Table 1.
Baluchistan Coal Resources
Punjab Coal Resources
Coal Reserves (Million Tones)

Coal Quality
NWFP Coal Resources
Coal Reserves (Million Tonnes)

Azad Jammu & Kashmir
Coal Reserves (Million Tonnes)

Utilization Of Pakistan’s
While considering the development of power stations based on
lignite coal, it is important to take into consideration the
following factors:
a) The power station must be located at the mine site, because
the low energy and high moisture content of lignite coal do not
justify the transportation cost.
b) Transmission and power line losses require the load centre to
be in reasonable proximity to the power station (200 km) and,
consequently, relatively close to the mine.
c) Lignite coal has certain characteristics which require special
consideration when selecting the type of equipment for mining
and power generation, e.g. high
The Thar lignite of Sindh has 50% moisture. SFBD
technology, now commercially developed, however,
removes moisture from coal by direct evaporation in a
steam heated exchanger, and produces dry coal with very
little moisture. Another technology for power generation
from lignite coal is Circulating Fluidized Bed (CFB) which
is also very effective. In CFB technology, coal mixed with
limestone is burned in a fluidized bed. The sulfur in the coal
is absorbed by the calcium carbonate, and the emission is
free from sulfur dioxide. Pakistan has large deposits of
limestone in all its provinces. The Integrated Gasification
and Combined Cycle (IGCC), which increases the
efficiency
and reduces the emission level of the power generation
plant, is a recent advanced technology applicable to high
Use of Coal as an Industrial Fuel
The importance of coal as an industrial fuel and its
role in a wide range of industrial applications are
well known in the industry. It is a cheaper fuel than
others. In some industrial applications, such as
brick kilns and glass tanks, the high emission of the
coal flame is a distinct advantage. In brick kilns, for
example, it has been found that one tonne of coal
will do the same work as one tonne of oil. Coal is
used as boiler fuel for the supply of steam to
process plant in the paper, chemical, and food
processing industries. It is used for direct firing in
the manufacture of cement, bricks, pipes, glass
tanks, and metal smelting.
Brick Kilns
Presently, coal is commonly used for making bricks and
roofing tiles, as it is an ideal fuel for kilns, especially for
heavy clay products. In Pakistan, about 50% of coal
production is used in the brick kiln industry. Therefore,
a large market for indigenous coal is available in Pakistan
for interested private investors.
Cement
In many countries, coal is used as fuel in the cement
industry. Previously, coal was not used as fuel in cement
plants in Pakistan, but now the cement industry has
started using indigenous coal. The GOP is now conducting
a feasibility study to convert gas-based and oil-based
cement plants to run on indigenous coal. It is expected
in future more and more cement plants will use
indigenous coal as fuel. This constitutes another market
for indigenous coal for private investors. Coal Briquettes
Yet another industrial use of coal is in the form of
smokeless coal briquettes which can be used as domestic
fuel, and would have special applicability in reducing
deforestation in the Northern Areas of Pakistan.
Pakistan’s Fuel Research Center has developed
smokeless coal briquette of good quality in its pilot plant
at Karachi.
Coal Gasification
Electricity generation is severely affected by rapidly
escalating gas and oil prices in Pakistan. IGCC power
plants have the potential of being economically
competitive by using gas produced from indigenous coal.
more efficient and less costly process to produce gas
from coal. Methanol or synthetic gas can be produced
from Thar coal at the coalfield and can easily be
transported by pipeline throughout the demand
centers.
Underground Coal Gasification
A technology is also available for insitu conversion of
coal into gas, which can be used for power generation
or
for conversion into higher value products such as
diesel
fuel, methanol, and ammonia. Underground coal
Power Generation Potential
Of
Indigenous Coal Resources

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Solid Fuels

 It is useful in determining the quantity of air required for

 Preparing standard storage bays of concrete and brick

Coal Reserves (Million Tones)

Coal Reserves (Million Tonnes)

Coal Reserves (Million Tonnes)

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