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    GPS Signal Structure: - Sources

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    soumya_cu
    GPS signals contain information to identify each satellite, determine the satellite's location, and indicate the elapsed time since transmission. Signals are modulated using phase shift keying and include pseudorandom codes and navigation data on two carrier frequencies. Receivers use techniques like filtering, downconversion, correlation and cross-correlation of codes to determine signal properties and extract information for positioning. Later systems added encrypted P-codes and methods like squaring, code-aided squaring and cross-correlation were developed to still allow civilian use of the signals while preventing spoofing.

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    GPS Signal Structure: - Sources

    Uploaded by

    soumya_cu
    80 views23 pages
    GPS signals contain information to identify each satellite, determine the satellite's location, and indicate the elapsed time since transmission. Signals are modulated using phase shift keying and include pseudorandom codes and navigation data on two carrier frequencies. Receivers use techniques like filtering, downconversion, correlation and cross-correlation of codes to determine signal properties and extract information for positioning. Later systems added encrypted P-codes and methods like squaring, code-aided squaring and cross-correlation were developed to still allow civilian use of the signals while preventing spoofing.

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    GPS Signals-soumyadip

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    GPS signals contain information to identify each satellite, determine the satellite's location, and indicate the elapsed time since transmission. Signals are modulated using phase shift keying and include pseudorandom codes and navigation data on two carrier frequencies. Receivers use techniques like filtering, downconversion, correlation and cross-correlation of codes to determine signal properties and extract information for positioning. Later systems added encrypted P-codes and methods like squaring, code-aided squaring and cross-correlation were developed to still allow civilian use of the signals while preventing spoofing.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    80 views23 pages

    GPS Signal Structure: - Sources

    Uploaded by

    soumya_cu
    GPS signals contain information to identify each satellite, determine the satellite's location, and indicate the elapsed time since transmission. Signals are modulated using phase shift keying and include pseudorandom codes and navigation data on two carrier frequencies. Receivers use techniques like filtering, downconversion, correlation and cross-correlation of codes to determine signal properties and extract information for positioning. Later systems added encrypted P-codes and methods like squaring, code-aided squaring and cross-correlation were developed to still allow civilian use of the signals while preventing spoofing.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 23

    GPS Signal Structure

    • Sources: 
    – GPS Satellite Surveying, Leick
    – Kristine Larson Lecture Notes
    http://www.colorado.edu/engineering/ASEN/asen
    4519/asen4519.html

       
    GPS Signal Requirements

    • Method (code) to identify each satellite
    • The location of the satellite or some 
    information on how to determine it
    • Information regarding the amount of time 
    elapsed since the signal left the satellite
    • Details on the satellite clock status

       
    Important Issues to Consider

    • Methods to encode information
    • Signal power
    • Frequency allocation
    • Security
    • Number and type of codes necessary to 
    satisfy system requirements

       
    Overview of Satellite Transmissions

    • All transmissions derive from a 
    fundamental frequency of 10.23 Mhz
    – L1 = 154 • 10.23 = 1575.42 Mhz
    – L2 = 120 • 10.23 = 1227.60 Mhz
    • All codes initialized once per GPS week at 
    midnight from Saturday to Sunday
    – Chipping rate for C/A is 1.023 Mhz
    – Chipping rate for P(Y) is 10.23 Mhz

       
    Schematic of GPS codes and carrier phase

       
    GPS Signal Characteristics

       
    Digital Modulation Methods
    • Amplitude Modulation (AM) also known as 
    amplitude­shift keying.  This method requires 
    changing the amplitude of the carrier phase 
    between 0 and 1 to encode the digital signal.
    • Frequency Modulation (FM) also known as 
    frequency­shift keying.  Must alter the frequency 
    of the carrier to correspond to 0 or 1.
    • Phase Modulation (PM) also known as phase­
    shift keying. At each phase shift, the bit is flipped 
    from 0 to 1 or vice versa.  This is the method used 
    in GPS.
       
    Modulation Schematics

       
    Modulo­2 recovery of GPS code
    Modulo­2 arithmetic: 0 + 0 = 0; 0 + 1 = 1; 1 + 0 = 1; 1 + 1 = 0

    Bit shifts aligned

       
    MUST MOD­2 ADD RECEIVER­GENERATED CODE TO RECOVER
    Superposition of codes ­ details
    • Superposition of two codes is not unique because 
    the bit transition occurs at the same epoch; 
    remember that both codes and phases are 
    multiples of the fundamental frequency

    • Need to impose an additional constraint to arrive 
    at a solution ­ quadri­phase­shift keying (QPSK), 
    which puts the two codes 90° (π/2)

       
    Phase and Quandrature ­ General

    General Expression:
    y(t) = y1 (t) + y 2 (t) = x1 (t)coswt + x 2 (t)sinwt
    where
    y1 (t) is in phase (I) and y12(t) is in quandrature (Q)

    All spectral components of y1(t) are 90° out of phase 
    with those of y2(t). This allows this the two signals to 
    be separated in the receiver.
       
    Codes on L1 and L2

    S1p (t) = A p P p (t)D P (t)cos(2pf1t) + AcG P (t)D P (t)sin(2pf1 t)


    where
    A p , Ac =  amplitudes (power) of P(Y) ­ code and C / A ­ code
    P P (t) =  pseudorandom P(Y) ­ code
    P
    G (t) =  C / A ­ code (Gold code)
    D P (t) =  navigation data stream
    and
    S2p (t) = B p P p (t)D P (t)cos(2pf2 t)

       
    Codes on L1 and L2 (con’t.)

    p P P P
    P (t)D (t) and G (t)D (t) imply modulo ­ 2 addition
    and the P(Y) ­ code is also a modulo ­ 2 sum of two
    pseudorandom data streams:

    P p (t) = X1 (t)X 2 (t - pT)


    0 £ p £ 36
    1
    = 10.23 Mhz
    T
       
    GPS signal strength ­ frequency domain
    Note that C/A code is below noise 
    level; signal is multiplied in the 
    Receiver by the internally calculated
    code to allow tracking.  
    Power = P(t) = y2(t) C/A­code chip is 1.023 Mhz
    P­code chip is 10.23 Mhz
    1 The calculated power spectrum 
    Bandwidth  º  B »
    T derives from the Fourier 
    where transform of a square wave 
    T º  is chip duration of width 2π and unit amplitude.
    Common function in DSP 
    called the “sinc” function.
    sin(px) 1
    p

    sin c(x) = = e iwx


    ò ¶w
    px 2p -p

       
    Digital Signal Processing Techniques
    • Filtering: Allows one to remove some 
    portion of the frequency spectrum that may 
    contain unwanted signal.
    – Low Pass Filter: lets all frequencies below a 
    cutoff frequency through.
    – High Pass Filter: lets all frequencies above a 
    cutoff frequency through.
    – Band Pass Filter: lets all frequencies within a 
    specified window pass through.  The window 
    is called the passband
       
    DSP Techniques, con’t.
    • Frequency Translation and Multiplication: 
    technique to shift frequency spectrum of some 
    signal to another portion of the frequency domain.

    – Up­conversion: translate signal to higher frequencies.

    – Down­conversion: translate signal to lower frequencies. 
     Commonly done in GPS receivers. Multiply signal by 
    sine function in a “mixer.” Special case is signal 
    squaring and may be used to recover the pure carrier 
    phase from a bi­phase modulated ranging signal.
       
    DSP Techniques, con’t.
    • Spread Spectrum: broadly defined as a mechanism 
    by which the bandwidth of the transmitted code is 
    much greater than the baseband information signal 
    (e.g. the navigation message in GPS)
    – FDMA: Frequency Division Multiple Access. Requires 
    different carriers.  Used by GLONASS.
    – TDMA: Time Division Multiple Access. Several channels 
    share transmission link. Used by many cellular telephone 
    providers and LORAN­C.
    – CDMA: Code Division Multiple Access.  Requires 
    pseudorandom codes by transmitted and also generated for 
    correlation within the receiver.  Used by GPS.

       
    DSP Techniques, con’t.
    • Cross­correlation: Used by GPS receivers 
    to determine what signal is coming from a 
    specific satellite. Can be generalized to 
    extracting information from any 
    multiplexed digital signal.

    t 0 +t
    ì 1 if   Dt    =   0
    1 ï Dt
    C ij (Dt) = ò y i (t)y j (t + Dt)dt = í 1- if  | Dt |   £  T
    t t0 T
    ï
    î »0 if  | Dt |   >  T
    where t   denotes the integration time and
    y i (t) and y j (t) are continuous functions (e.g. PRN codes)
     
    PRN Cross­correlation
    Correlation of receiver generated PRN code (A) with incoming data
    stream consisting of multiple (e.g. four, A, B, C, and D) codes

       
    Schematic of C/A­code acquisition

    Since C/A­code is 1023 chips long and repeats every 1/1000 s, it is inherently 
    ambiguous by 1 msec or ~300 km.  Must modulo­2 add the transmitted and 
       
    received codes after correlation to increase SNR and narrow bandwidth.
    Methods to Cope with Anti­spoofing
    • Anti­spoofing: Implemented in 1994 to make P­
    code unavailable to non­military users. Encrypted 
    P­code is referred to as Y­code.
    – Squaring: Yields half­wavelength carrier and 
    greatly reduces SNR. Old technology.

    – Code­aided squaring: Uses mathematical 
    similarity of the Y­code to P­code. L1 carrier is 
    down­converted and multiplied with a local 
    replica of the P­code, then squared.  Results in 
    less reduction of SNR than simple squaring.
       
    Anti­spoofing Methods, con’t.
    • Cross­correlation: Takes advantage of the fact that both 
    L1 and L2 are modulated with the same P(Y)­code, despite 
    lack of knowledge of the actual P­code.  Yields the 
    difference in pseudoranges, P1(Y) ­ P2(Y), and the phase 
    difference of L1 and L2.  Again less SNR loss compared 
    with squaring.  Can be difficult to track at low elevation 
    angles.  Technique employed in Trimble 4000SSi/SSE.

    • Z­tracking: Takes advantage of the fact that Y­code is the 
    modulo­2 sum of the P­code with a lower encryption rate.  
    Yields L1 and L2 Y­code pseudoranges and the full carrier 
    phases of L1 & L2.  This method yields the best SNR.  
    Multipath performance is better than other methods. 
    Technique employed in Ashtech Z­12 and micro­Z.
       
    AS Technologies Summary Table

    Ashtech Z­12 & µZ

    Trimble 4000SSi

       
    From Ashjaee & Lorenz, 1992

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