CMR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

Kandlakoya, Medchal, Hyderabad - 501401

Department of Computer Science and Engineering

NEURAL NETWORKS
& IT’S TYPES

Name of the student:

Roll No.: 21H51A0585 Kudumula Anvesh Reddy

Under esteemed guidance of

Guide Name
Outline
• Abstract
• Introduction
What is neural network?
Idea
• Working Principle
•Types of Neural Network
Perceptron Model
Feed Forward Neural Network
ANN,CNN
•Applications
•Advantages & Disadvantages
• Conclusion
Abstract
ABSTRACT
This seminar explores the transformative role of neural networks in AI, focusing on
their principles, applications, and advancements. We begin with the basics of neural
networks, including the structure of artificial neurons, activation functions, and various
model architectures. The seminar delves into the mechanics of training neural networks
through different learning paradigms and optimization algorithms.

We then showcase the diverse applications of neural networks across industries, from
image recognition and natural language processing to autonomous vehicles and
healthcare. Real-world case studies highlight the efficacy and potential impact of neural
networks.

Finally, we explore future directions in neural network research, including neuromorphic

computing, hybrid models, and ethical considerations in AI deployment.
INTRODUCTION
Introduction

What is Neural Networks:-

Neural networks are a type of machine learning model inspired by the human brain's
neural structure. They are composed of interconnected artificial neurons, organized into
layers, which process and transmit information. Neural networks have been successfully
applied to various fields and have shown great potential in solving complex problems.

Idea:-
Generally when you open your eyes, what you see is called data and is processed by the
Neurons(data processing cells) in your brain, and recognizes what is around you. That’s
how similar the Neural Networks works. They takes a large set of data, process the
data(draws out the patterns from data), and outputs what it is.
Procedure/Mechanism:-
A neural network is made of artificial neurons that receive and process input data. Data is
passed through the input layer, the hidden layer, and the output layer. A neural network
process starts when input data is fed to it. Data is then processed via its layers to provide the
desired output .A neural network learns from structured data and exhibits the output

Learnings:-
Supervised Learning - with the help of labeled data, inputs, and outputs are fed to the
algorithms. They then predict the desired result after being trained on how to interpret data.
Unsupervised Learning - ANN learns with no human intervention. There is no labeled
data, and output is determined according to patterns identified within the output data.
Reinforcement Learning - the network learns depending on the feedback you give it.
The essential building block of a neural network is a perceptron or neuron. It uses the
supervised learning method to learn and classify data.
Working Principle
Working Principle
Neural Networks are complex systems with artificial neurons.
Artificial neurons or perceptron consist of:
1. Input
2. Weight
3. Bias
4. Activation Function
5. Output
The neurons receive many inputs and process a single output.
Neural networks are comprised of layers of neurons.
These layers consist of the following:
1. Input layer
2. Multiple hidden layers
3. Output layer
The input layer receives data represented by a numeric value. Hidden layers perform the
most computations required by the network. Finally, the output layer predicts the output.
In a neural network, neurons dominate one another. Each layer is made of neurons. Once
the input layer receives data, it is redirected to the hidden layer. Each input is assigned
with weights.
The weight is a value in a neural network that converts input data within the network’s
hidden layers. Weights work by input layer, taking input data, and multiplying it by the
weight value
Types of Neural Network
Types of Neural Networks
Neural networks are identified based on mathematical performance and principles to
determine the output.

1. Perceptron model:- (Single-layer neural network)

Minsky and Papert proposed the Perceptron model (Single-layer neural network). They
said it was modeled after how the human brain functions. It is one of the simplest models
that can learn and solve complex data problems using neural networks. Perceptron is also
called an artificial neuron. A perceptron network is comprised of two layers:  Input
Layer  Output Layer The input layer computes the weighted input for every node. The
activation function is pertained to get the result as output.
2. Feed Forward Neural Network:-
In a feed-forward network, data moves in a single direction. It enters via the input
nodes and leaves through output nodes. This is a front propagation wave. By moving
data in one direction, there is no backpropagation. The backpropagation algorithm
calculates the gradient of the loss function with consideration to weights in the
network. The input product sum and their weights are computed. The data later is
transferred to the output.
A couple of feed-forward neural networks applications are:
Speech Recognition
Facial Recognition
3. ANN:- It is also known as an artificial neural network. It is a feed-forward neural
network because the inputs are sent in the forward direction. It can also contain hidden
layers which can make the model even denser. They have a fixed length as specified by the
programmer. It is used for Textual Data or Tabular Data. A widely used real-life application
is Facial Recognition. It is comparatively less powerful than CNN and RNN.

4. Radial Basis Function Neural Network:- Radial Basis Function Neural

Networks (RBF are comprised of three layers:  Input Layer  Hidden Layer  Output
Layer RBF networks classify data based on the distance of any centered point and
interpolation. Interpolation resizes images. Classification is executed by estimating the input
data where each neuron reserves the data. RBF networks look for similar data points and
groups them. According to Dr. Saed Sayad, the sum and weights of hidden layer output sent
to the output layer form a network of outputs.
5. Recurrent Neural Network:- Neural networks such as a feed-forward
networks move data in one direction. This type of network has the disadvantage of not
remembering the data in past inputs. This is where RNNs comes into play. RNNs do not
work like standard neural networks. A Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) is a network
good at modeling sequential data. Sequential data means data that follow a particular
order in that a thing follows another. In RNN, the output of the previous stage goes back
in as an input of the current step. RNN is a feedback neural network.
RNNs have a memory that helps the network recall what happened earlier in the sequence
data. While carrying out operations, neurons also act as memory cells.

RNN are used to solve problems in stock predictions, text data, and audio data. In
other words, it’s used to solve similar problems in text-to-speech conversion and
language translation. Learn more about text generation with RNN here.
6. Convolution Neural Network:-
Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) are commonly used for image recognition.
CNNs contain three-dimensional neuron arrangement. The first stage is the
convolutional layer. Neurons in a convolutional layer only process information from a
small part of the visual field (image). Input features in convolution are abstracted in
batches. The second stage is pooling. It reduces the dimensions of the features and, at
the same time, sustaining valuable data. CNNs launch into the third phase (fully
connected neural network) when the features get to the right granularity level. At the
final stage, the final probabilities are analyzed and decide which class the image
belongs to. This type of network understands the image in parts. It also computes the
operations multiple times to complete the processing of the image. Image processing
involves conversion from RGB to a grey-scale. After the image is processed,
modifications in pixel value aid in identifying the edges. The images also get grouped
into different classes. CNN is mainly used in signal and image processing.
Applications
Applications

Neural networks are effectively applied to several fields to resolve data issues, some
examples are listed below.
Facial Recognition Neural networks are playing a significant role in facial
recognition. Some smartphones can identify the age of a person. This is based on facial
features and visual pattern recognition.
Weather Forecasting Neural networks are trained to recognize the patterns and
identify distinct kinds of weather. Weather forecasting, with the help of neural networks,
not only predicts the weather.
Music composition Neural networks are mastering patterns in sounds and tunes.
These networks train themselves adequately to create new music. They are also being
used in music composition software.
Image processing and Character recognition Neural networks can recognize and
learn patterns in an image. Image processing is a growing field.
Image recognition is used in:
Facial recognition.
Cancer cell detection.
Satellite imagery processing for use in defense and agriculture.
Character recognition is helping to detect fraud and national security assessments.
Advantages

Fault tolerance In a neural network, even if a few neurons are not working properly,
that would not prevent the neural networks from generating outputs.
Real-time Operations Neural networks can learn synchronously and easily adapt to
their changing environments.
Adaptive Learning Neural networks can learn how to work on different tasks. Based
on the data given to produce the right output.
Parallel processing capacity Neural networks have the strength and ability to
perform multiple jobs simultaneously.
Disadvantages & Examples
Unexplained behavior of the network Neural networks provide a solution to a problem.
Due to the complexity of the networks, it doesn’t provide the reasoning behind “why and
how” it made the decisions it made. Therefore, trust in the network may be reduced.
1. Feedforward Neural Networks (FNN):
Example: Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) Applications: Image recognition, speech
recognition, natural language processing, credit scoring, fraud detection.
2. Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN):
Example: LeNet-5, AlexNet, VGGNet, ResNet Applications: Image and video
recognition/classification, object detection, autonomous driving, medical image analysis.
3. Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN):
Example: Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU)
Applications: Sequence-to-sequence prediction (machine translation, speech
recognition), sentiment analysis, time series analysis, handwriting recognition.
Conclusion

Neural Network represent a revolutionary paradigm in artificial intelligence,

leveraging the principles of the human brain to process data, learn from patterns,
and make informed decisions. With their diverse applications across industries and
their ability to adapt and generalize knowledge, neural networks hold immense
potential for driving innovation and solving complex problems. As we continue to
explore and refine these technologies, it's essential to prioritize ethical
considerations, transparency, and responsible deployment to ensure that neural
networks contribute positively to society's advancement.
Thank You!