Intro To Gases and Gas Laws

Introduction to Gases
How do we use the

Kinetic Molecular
Theory to explain
the behavior of
gases?
States of Matter
 2 main factors determine state:
• The forces (inter/intramolecular) holding particles together
• The kinetic energy present (the energy an object possesses due to its motion of the particles)
*KE tends to ‘pull’ particles apart
Kinetic Energy , States of Matter & Temperature
 Gases have a higher kinetic energy because their particles move a lot more
than in a solid or a liquid
 As the temperature increases, there gas particles move faster, and thus kinetic
energy increases.
Characteristics of Gases
 Gases expand to fill any container.
• random motion, no attraction
 Gases are fluids (like liquids).
• no attraction
 Gases have very low densities.
• no volume = lots of empty space
Characteristics of Gases
 Gases can be compressed.
• no volume = lots of empty space
 Gases undergo diffusion & effusion (across a barrier with small holes).
• random motion
Kinetic Molecular Theory of ‘Ideal’ Gases
 Particles in an ideal gas…
• have no volume.
• have elastic collisions (ie. billiard ball
particles exchange energy with eachother,
but total KE is conserved
• are in constant, random, straight-line
motion.
• don’t attract or repel each other.
• have an avg. KE directly related to
temperature ( temp= motion= KE)
Real Gases
 Particles in a REAL gas…
• have their own volume
• attract each other (intermolecular
forces)
 Gas behavior is most ideal…
• at low pressures
• at high temperatures
Why???
Real Gases
 At STP, molecules of gas are moving fast and are
very far apart, making their intermolecular forces
and volumes insignificant, so assumptions of an
ideal gas are valid under normal temp/pressure
conditions. BUT…
• at high pressures: gas molecules are pushed

closer together, and their interactions with each
other become more significant due to volume
• at low temperatures: gas molecules move
slower due to KE and intermolecular forces
are no longer negligible
Pressure
force
pressure 
area
Which shoes create the most pressure?

Atmospheric Pressure
 The gas molecules in the atmosphere are pulled
toward Earth due to gravity, exerting pressure
 Why do your ears ‘pop’ in an airplane?

Pressure
 Barometer
• measures atmospheric pressure
Mercury Barometer
Units of Pressure
 At Standard Atmospheric Pressure (SAP)
101.325 kPa (kilopascal)
1 atm (atmosphere)
760 mm Hg
(millimeter Hg) N
760 torr kPa  2
m
14.7 psi (pounds per square inch)
Standard Temperature & Pressure
STP
Standard Temperature & Pressure
0°C 273 K
-OR-
1 atm 101.325 kPa
Temperature: The Kelvin Scale
 Always use absolute temperature
(Kelvin) when working with gases.
ºC
-273 0 100
K
0 273 373
C  K  273 K = ºC + 273
Kelvin and Absolute Zero
 Scottish physicist Lord Kelvin suggested that -273oC (0K) was the temperature at which the motion particles
within a gas approaches zero.. And thus, so does volume)
 Absolute Zero:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JHXxPnmyDbk
 Comparing the Celsius and Kelvin Scale:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-G9FdNqUVBQ
Why Use the Kelvin Scale?
 Not everything freezes at 0oC, but for ALL substances, motion stops at 0K.
 It eliminates the use of negative values for temperature! Makes mathematic
calculations possible (to calculate the temp. twice warmer than -5oC we can’t
use 2x(-5oC) because we would get -10oC!)
Kelvin Scale vs Celsius Scale
Converting between Kelvin and Celsius
C  K  273 K = ºC + 273
a) 0oC =_____K
b) 100oC= _____K
c) 25oC =______K
d) -12oC = ______K
e) -273K = ______oC
f) 23.5K = ______oC
g) 373.2K= ______oC
How Did We Do So Far?
Learning Goal:
I will be able to understand

what kinetic energy is and how
it relates to gases and
temperature, describe the
properties of a real and ideal
gas and understand what
Absolute Zero is and how to
convert between the Kelvin and
Celsius temperature scales.
Part B: The Gas Laws
Part B:
Learning Goals
I will be able to describe
Boyle’s, Charles’ and Gay-
Lussac’s Laws relating T,
P and/or V and be able to
calculate unknown values
using the equations
derived from these laws, as
well as the combined gas
law.
1. Intro to Boyle’s Law
 Imagine that you hold the tip of a syringe on the tip of your finger so
no gas can escape. Now push down on the plunger of the syringe.
What happens to the volume in the syringe?
What happens to the pressure the gas is exerting in the syringe?

The Boyle’s Law
The Boyle’s Law
 The pressure and volume of a gas are
inversely proportional (as one increases,
the other decreases, and vice versa
• at constant mass & temp
V
The Boyle’s Law
Boyle’s Law leads to the mathematical

expression: *Assuming temp is constant
P1V1=P2V2
Where P1 represents the initial

pressure
V1 represents the initial volume,
And P represents the final

Sample Problem:
A weather balloon with a volume of 2000L

at a pressure of 96.3 kPa rises to an
altitude of 1000m, where the atmospheric
pressure is measured to be 60.8kPa.
Assuming there is no change in the
temperature or the amount of gas,
calculate the weather balloon’s final
volume.
Your Turn:
Atmospheric pressure on the peak of

Kilimanjaro can be as low as 0.50
atm. If the volume of an oxygen tank
is 15.0L, at what pressure (in mmHg)
must the tank be filled so the gas
inside would occupy a volume of 1.1
x 103L at this pressure?
Intro to Charles’ Law
 Imagine that you put a balloon filled with gas in liquid
nitrogen
What is happening to the temperature of the gas in the

balloon?
What will happen to the volume of the balloon?

The Charles’ Law
The Charles’ Law
 The volume and absolute temperature (K)
of a gas are directly proportional (an
increase in temp leads to an increase in
volume)
• at constant mass & pressure
T
The Charles’ Law
Explain how the picture shows Charles’ Law
What are some of the examples of Charles Law that you can think
of?
The Charles’ Law
 Charles’
Law leads to the mathematical
expression:
*Assuming pressure remains constant

Sample Problem:
A birthday balloon is filled to a volume of

2.5L of helium gas in an air-conditioned
room at 393K. The balloon is taken
outdoors on a warm day where the
volume expands to 2.55L. Assuming the
pressure and the amount of gas remain
constant, what is the air temperature
outside in Celsius?
Your Turn
A beach ball is inflated to a

volume of 27.25 L of air at
19oC. During the afternoon,
the volume becomes by 1L.
What is the new temperature
(in Kelvin) outside?
Intro to Gay-Lussac’s Law
 Imagine you have a balloon inside a container that ensures it
has a fixed volume. You heat the balloon.
What is happening to the temp of the gas inside the balloon?
What will happen to the pressure the gas is exerting on the

balloon?
The Gay-Lussac’s Law
 The pressure and absolute temperature
(K) of a gas are directly proportional (as
temperature rises, so does pressure)
• at constant mass & volume
T
The Gay-Lussac’s Law
 Gay-Lussac’s Law leads to the mathematical
expression:
*Assuming volume remains constant
Egg in a bottle to show Gay-Lussac's Law:

T & P relationship:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r_JnUBk1J
Sample Problem:
The pressure of the oxygen gas

inside a canister with a fixed volume
is 6.50atm at 17oC. What is the
pressure of the oxygen gas inside
the canister if the temperature
changes to 296K? Assume the
amount of gas remains constant.
Your Turn
The pressure of a gas in a sealed

canister is 450.0kPa at a room
temperature of 25oC. The canister is
placed in a refrigerator that drops the
temperature of the gas by 25K.
What is the new pressure in the
canister?
The Combined Gas Law
By combining Boyle’s, Charles’ and Gay
Lussac’s Laws, the following equation is
derived:
P1V1 P2V2
=
T1 T2
Sample Problem:
A gas occupies 7.84 cm3 at 71.8 kPa

& 25°C. Find its volume at STP.
YOUR TURN:
1) A gas occupies 473 cm3 at 36°C.

Find its volume at 94°C
2.) A gas’ pressure is 765 torr at

23°C. At what temperature will
the pressure be 560. torr
AVOGADRO’S LAW
Volume and number of

moles are directly related
(constant T and P).
n1 n2
=
V1 V2
SAMPLE PROBLEM
If 2.45 mol of argon gas occupies a

volume of 89.0 L, what volume will
2.10 mol of argon occupy under
the same conditions of
temperature and pressure?
IDEAL GAS LAW:
We can bring all of these laws together into
one comprehensive law:
V = bT (constant P and n)
V = an (constant T and P)
V= (constant T and n)
PV = nRT
(where R = 0.08206
L·atm/mol·K, the universal gas
constant)
SAMPLE PROBLEM
 An automobile tire at 23°C with an

internal volume of 25.0 L is filled with
air to a total pressure of 3.18 atm.
Determine the number of moles of air
in the tire.
YOUR TURN
1. At what temperature (in °C) does

121 mL of CO2 at 27°C and 1.05 atm
occupy a volume of 293 mL at a
pressure of 1.40 atm?
2. What is the pressure in a 304.0 L

tank that contains 5.670 kg of helium
at 25°C?
How Did You Do?
Part B:
Learning Goals
I will be able to describe
Boyle’s, Charles’ and Gay-
Lussac’s Laws relating T,
P and/or V and be able to
calculate unknown values
using the equations
derived from these laws, as
well as the combined gas
law.

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Intro To Gases and Gas Laws

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Introduction to Gases

How do we use the

• at high pressures: gas molecules are pushed

Which shoes create the most pressure?

 Why do your ears ‘pop’ in an airplane?

I will be able to understand

What happens to the volume in the syringe?

What happens to the pressure the gas is exerting in the syringe?

Boyle’s Law leads to the mathematical

Where P1 represents the initial

V1 represents the initial volume,

And P represents the final

A weather balloon with a volume of 2000L

Atmospheric pressure on the peak of

What is happening to the temperature of the gas in the

What will happen to the volume of the balloon?

Explain how the picture shows Charles’ Law

*Assuming pressure remains constant

A birthday balloon is filled to a volume of

A beach ball is inflated to a

What is happening to the temp of the gas inside the balloon?

What will happen to the pressure the gas is exerting on the

*Assuming volume remains constant

Egg in a bottle to show Gay-Lussac's Law:

The pressure of the oxygen gas

The pressure of a gas in a sealed

A gas occupies 7.84 cm3 at 71.8 kPa

1) A gas occupies 473 cm3 at 36°C.

2.) A gas’ pressure is 765 torr at

Volume and number of

If 2.45 mol of argon gas occupies a

 An automobile tire at 23°C with an

1. At what temperature (in °C) does

2. What is the pressure in a 304.0 L

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