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International organization
• An international organization (also known as an

international institution or an intergovernmental
organization) is a stable set of norms and rules meant to
govern the behavior of states and other actors in the
international system.
• Organizations may be established by a treaty or be an
instrument governed by international law and possessing
its own legal personality, such as the United Nations, the
World Health Organization and NATO.
• International organizations are composed of primarily
member states, but may also include other entities, such
as other international organizations.
International organizations
• International organizations play an increasingly
important role in the political and economic
relationship between nations.
• International organizations is one which is created by
international agreement or which has membership
consisting primarily of nations.
• At the end of first world war the league of nations
was established at Geneva, Switzerland and started
functioning from January 10,1920. it was considered
as the first international organization
Introduction to UNCTAD
• The Bretton Woods System had the guiding principles of free trade
and non-discrimination in international trade. It resulted in the
emergence of institutions like the IMF and GATT.
• After a decade of expectations from these institutions, the LDC’s
realized that these institutions were meant primarily for advanced
countries through fostering freer and expanded trade among them
and to extend just temporary assistance to them to adjust their
payments imbalances within the regime of fixed exchange rates.
• There grew a widespread dissatisfaction and frustration among the

LDC’s as they recognised that GATT was only a “rich men’s club”
The UNCTAD
• The developing country members of UN focused on development
problems in UN bodies and demanded for an action by UN to set
up International Trade organization (ITO) for just and fair trade as
they championed the cause of free trade in preference to foreign
aid.
• The UN appointed a committee in 1963 to consider how best this
could be done as United states congress was against any new
proposal for ITO.
• The UN committee recommended the United Nations Conference
on Trade and Development ( UNCTAD)
• UNCTAD was opened on March 23, 1964 at Geneva and the first
conference completed its work on June 16,1964.
• It was established as a permanent organ of General Assembly of
UN in its Resolution 1995 (XIX) of December 30, 1964.
UNCTAD’s Aim
• To promote international trade and economic development of
developing countries
• To promote trade and economic cooperation particularly
between countries at different stages of economic development ,
between developing countries and between countries with
different economic and social systems.
• To formulate principles and policies on international trade and
development and to facilitate the restructuring and adaption of
those principles and rules and international institution
concerned.
• To promote a more equitable international economic order , a
larger voice for developing countries in decision making and a
development dimension and consensus in international
institutions and policies.
• Developing countries faced a persistent trends in external
imbalance which was result of development process.
• This imbalance was mainly a manifestation of the disparity
between the rate of growth of their primary exports and that of
their import of industrial goods.
• Reasons- Technological progress in industrial centers, increased use
of synthesis, diminishing raw materials content of the finished
products, low income and price elasticity of demand for staple food
stuffs and consumer goods as compared to demand for industrial
goods and services, modernization of agriculture in industrial
centers- increase in agricultural production- agricultural
protectionism- support of subsidies.
• This adversely affects export demand, income and growth
capacities of developing countries.
• These situation highlighted the need for development linked global
trade and institutional arrangements and change in policies and
rules.
• UNCTAD came into existence to solve this imbalance.
UNCTAD Objectives
• Comprehend options to address macro-level development
challenges
• Achieve beneficial integration into the international trading system
• Diversify economies to make them less dependent on commodities
• Limit their exposure to financial volatility and debt
• Attract investment and make it more development-friendly
• Increase access to digital technologies
• Promote entrepreneurship and innovation
• Help local firms move up value chains
• Speed up the flow of goods across borders
• Protect consumers from abuse
• Curb regulations that stifle competition
• Adapt to climate change and use natural resources more effectively
Functions and Activities of UNCTAD
• To promote international trade between developed and developing
countries with a view to accelerating economic development.
• (ii) To formulate principles and policies on international trade and related

problems of economic development.
• (iii) To make proposals for putting its principles and policies into effect,
• (iv) To negotiate trade agreements.
• (v) To review and facilitate the coordination of activities of the other U.N.
institutions in the field of international trade.
• (vi) To function as a centre for a harmonious trade and related documents

in the development policies of governments.

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International organization

• An international organization (also known as an

• There grew a widespread dissatisfaction and frustration among the

• (ii) To formulate principles and policies on international trade and related

• (iv) To negotiate trade agreements.

• (vi) To function as a centre for a harmonious trade and related documents

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