Chapter 88

CHAPTER
MUSIC
Music
 The origin and importance of Music

The word “music” is from the Greek word mousike, which

means, “Art of the Muses”. It is the art of arranging tones in an
orderly way to produce a unified and continuous composition.
The common elements of music are pitch and rhythm,
dynamics, and the sonic qualities of timbre and texture.
 Solfa name Standard Notion
When music is written on a staff, the pitches (tones)
and their duration are represented by symbol known
as notes. These symbols are put on the lines and in
the spaces between the lines. Each position are put Do C

on the lines and in the spaces between in the lines.

Each position says which tone must be played. The Re D
higher the note is in staff, the higher the pitch of the
tone. The lower the notes, the pitch of the tone. Mi E

Music can also be written, naming them as in the Fa F

solfa "Do, Re, Mi, Fa, Sol, La, Si/Ti, Do. The next
table shows how each tone is represented in the Sol G
standard notation or chords. The notation was made
to make made the lecture on music notes simple and La A
easy to read.
Si/Ti B
 What is the Role of Music in Our Lives?
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 THE ELEMENTS OF MUSIC
1. Harmony - it refers to the vertilization of pitch.

2. Key - It is known as tonality, a principle in music composition

wherein at the end of the piece there is a feeling of completion of
going back to the tonic.

3. Melody - It refers to the tune of a song or piece of music.

4. Pitch - It refers to the perceptual property that
allows the ordering of sounds on a frequency- related
scale either relative lowness or highness.

5. Rhythm - It comes from a Greek word rhythmos,

which means “any regular recurring motion.” It is the
pattern of the sound in time and beats in music.

6. Tempo – It regards to the speed (slow or fast) of a

given piece of music.
7. Texture – It refers to how the harmonic materials are
combined in composition. It could be monophonic
(single melodic line), polyphonic ( two or more melodic
lines), and homophonic (the main melody accompanied
by chords).

8. Timbre – It refers to the quality of the sounds (tone)

that distinguished one voice or instruments from
another
 The essential in song writing

The song is composition for a voice or voices, performed by singing.

Musical instruments may accompany a song, or it may be unaccompanied,
as in the case o the Capella songs. It may be for a solo singer, a duet, trio, or
larger ensemble involving more voices. Song with more then one voice to a
part are considered choral works. Most song writing techniques are about
what you should do to succeed.
 The essentials in Song writing
• Arrangement – arrangement in music it considered as
reconceptualization of a previously composed work.

• Beat and rhythm – beat is the speed (tempo) of the song that drives
the listener to feel either fast slow. On the other hand rhythm is the
beat that the various instrument such as bass, drum, and guitar
have produced.

• Chords (chord progression) – It refers to the harmonic set of the

pitches used to accompany the melody of the song.
• Concept (story) – All songs have a storyline or concept.

• Genre and Style – the genre of the song such as pop, rock, or country is
established by the beat rhythm of the songs.

• Length – the length of the song is always considered depending on it use.

• Lyrics – this term is from the Greek words lyrikos which

means singing to the lyre.

• Melody – is the harmony of the song that play or sing.

• Song section – songs are dived into sections or components

such us intro, verse, chorus, bridge, lead breaks, etc.
 The different Music genre

• Classical music – classical music is a sophisticated form of composition as it requires

skills like learning the ability to coordinate with others musicians.

• Folk music – this types of music reflects the emotion of common people.

• Funk – this music became known in the late 1990s. Funk made rhythm the most important
element while de emphasizing melody.

• Hip-hop music – Hip-hop Music always includes the use of the instrument bass, guitar,
piano, violins, and fiddles.
• Jazz – complex and strong beats feature this type of music.

• Meta music – this type music wherein the melody influenced by

the structured of the song (know as the information of the
music).

• Opera music – this genre a fantastic combination of theatrical art

and musical invention and is played explicitly in big audiences.

• Rock Music – this music genre requires the vocals to be

accompanied by bass, drums, and guitar.

• Techno music – this genre is also kwon as fusion type of music.

• Trance music – this type music is usually performed in

clubhouse.
 Classification of musical instrument

A Musical instrument is a tool adapted or created in making

musical sounds. It was primarily designed to emulate natural
sounds for ritual purposes. Their vocal range often classifies
it in comparison with other instrument such as the following:
 Alto instruments

a. Alto saxophone – It is a member of the saxophone family of

woodwind instruments invented in 1841 by Adolphe sax, a
Belgian instrument designer.

b. French horn – it is a bass instrument made about 12-13

feet of tubing wrapped into a coil with a flared bell.

c. English horn – (also known as coranglais) it is a double

reed woodwind in the oboe family.

d. Viola – it is the middle voice of the violin family and

between the violin and cello. It is a bowed string
instrument .
 French Horn Viola

Alto English
Saxophone Horn
 Bass instrument
a. Double bass – it is the largest and lowest pitched bowed
string instrument in the modern symphony in orchestra.

b. Bass guitar it is a stringed instrument with a longer neck

and scale length , with four to eight strings.

c. Bass saxophone – it is one of the largest member of the

saxophone family of low range, usually supported on stand
while being played.

d. Tuba – it is the largest and deep pitched brass instrument.

 Bass Guitar Tuba

Double Bass
Bass Saxophone
 Baritone Instrument
1. Bassoon - It is, a woodwind instrument in the double reed family. It is played by
pressing the reed between the lips and blow to sound the instrument.

2. Baritone Saxophone - It is one of largest members of the saxophone family and

is the lowest-pitched saxophone.

3. Bass Clarinet - It is regularly performed in symphony orchestras, wind

ensembles, occasionally in marching bands, and plays an occasional solo role in
contemporary music.

4. Cello (vion cello) - It is a bowed, and sometimes plucked string instrument. It

has a hollow wooden body with two sound holes, and four strings were running
along the body and neck.

5. Baritone Horn - It is a wind instrument that consists of a brass tube (usually of

variable length) that is blown using a cup-shaped or pipe- shaped mouthpiece
 Basson Cello (violin cello)

Baritone Horn

Baritone saxophone Bass Clarinet

• Flute - It is a wind instrument that produces sound through the
flow of air from the hole that has an elaborate set of keys.
• Violin - It is a small string instrument, usually with four strings
tuned in perfect fifths.
• Soprano Saxophone - It is a woodwind instrument used as a solo
and chamber instrument in classical music or a concert band or
orchestra.
 Violin

Flute Soprano Saxophone

• -/
Trumpet- It is the musical instrument which is usually played by
blowing air through closed lips in producing a buzzing sound.

• Clarinet - It is a type of woodwind instrument that has a straight

cylindrical tube with a flaring bell and a single-reed mouthpiece.

• Oboe - It is a woodwind instrument with a double-reed mouthpiece, a

slender tubular body, and holes stopped by keys.

• Piccolo It is the high-pitched woodwind instrument used in - orchestras

and military bands
Trumpet Oboe

Clarinet Piccolo
 Tenor Instruments
1. Trombone - It is a musical instrument in which the
sound is produced when the player's vibrating lips
trigger the air column inside the device to vibrate.
2. Tenor Saxophone - It is a medium-sized woodwind
instrument that is very prominent in jazz groups and
is one of the essential voices of a concert or marching
band.
3. Guitar - It is a stringed musical instrument with a
fretted fingerboard, typically incurved sides, and have
six or twelve strings, played by plucking or strumming.
Trombone
Guitar

Tenor Saxophone