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    2023 The Microscope 1 1

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    2023 The Microscope 1 1

    Uploaded by

    Mr Reason
    5 views24 pages

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    2023 the Microscope 1 1

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    5 views24 pages

    2023 The Microscope 1 1

    Uploaded by

    Mr Reason

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 24

    The Microscope

    MICRO/PARA
    The Microscope
     A microscope is an optical instrument that can magnify organisms a
    hundred fold or a thousand fold.
     From 1600s,the microscope has undergone great revolutionary
    changes making it more advanced and complex throughout time
     Different
    types of microscopes that have evolved from Van
    Leeuwenhoek’s simple prototype
    Compound Microscope

     It
    is a type of microscope that contains more than one
    magnifying lens
     Itcan magnify objects approximately a thousand times
    their original size
     Visible light is its main source of illumination
     It is also known as the compound light mcroscope
    Compound Microscope
     The compound microscope utilized today consists of two magnifying
    lens systems
     Theeyepiece (or Ocular) contains what is called the ocular lens that
    has magnifying power of 10x
     The second lens system is located in the objective that is positioned
    directly above the organisms to view.
    Compound Microscope

    Two compound Microscopes which


    differ in their light source
    a. with built-in light source
    b. With mirror to direct an external light
    source
    Compound Microscope
    Compound Microscope
    Compound Microscope
    Compound Microscope
    Component Functions
    OCULAR LENS /EYEPIECE Topmost part of the microscope which is the lens the viewer
    looks through to see the specimen
    REVOLVING NOSE PIECE Located above the stage, It holds the objective lenses

    DIOPTER ADJUSTMENT It is used to change focus on one eyepiece in order to correct


    any difference in vision between the two eyes
    BODY TUBE OR HEAD It connects the eyepiece to the objective lenses

    ARM It connects the body tube to the base of the microscope

    COARSE ADJUSTMENT It brings the specimen into general focus

    FINE ADJUSTMENT It fine-tunes the focus and increases the details of the
    specimen
    Compound Microscope
    Component Functions

    OBJECTIVE LENSES This is held in place above the stage by the revolving
    nosepiece and are the lenses that are closest to the specimen.
    It contains 3 to 5 objectives ranging in power from 4X to
    100X

    STAGE Located beneath the revolving nosepiece, it is the flat


    platform on which the specimen is placed
    STAGE CLIPS Situated above the stage, these are metal clips that hold the
    slide in place
    STAGE CONTROL Found beneath the stage, these knobs move the stage either
    left or right or forward and backward
    APERTURE The hole in the middle of the stage that allows light from the
    illuminator to reach the slide containing the specimen

    ON/OFF SWITCH The switch located at the base of the microscope that turns
    the illuminator on of off
    Compound Microscope
    Component Functions
    ILLUMINATOR The light source of the microscope

    IRIS DIAPHRAGM Found on the condenser, it is used to adjust


    the amount of light coming through the
    condenser
    CONDENSER It is light found beneath the stage and
    contains a lens system that focuses light
    onto the specimen. It gathers and focuses
    light onto the specimen

    BASE It supports the microscope and it is where


    the Illuminator is found
    Bright Field Microscope
     Made up of a series of lenses and utilizing visible light as its source of
    illumination
     the bright field microscope can magnify an object 1,000 to 1500 times.
     This is used to visualize bacteria and fungi
     Objects less than or thinner than 0.2 um cannot be visualized by this type
    of microscope
     Brightfieldmeans the specimen appears dark against the surrounding
    bright viewer field of this microscope
     Ithas a very low contrast and most of the cells need to be stained to be
    properly viewed
    Bright Field Microscope
    Dark Field Microscope
     The microscope utilizes reflected light instead of transmitted light, with a
    special condenser that has an opaque disc that blocks the light, such that only
    the specimen is illuminated.
     The specimen appears bright against a dark background.
     This type of microscope is ideal for studying specimens that are unstained or
    transparent and absorb little or no light
     Itis useful in examining the external details of the specimen such as its
    outline or surface.
     It is used to view spirochetes.
    Dark Field Microscope
    Phase-contrast Microscope
     Phase contrast microscopy is based on the principle that differences in
    refractive indices and light waves passing through transparent objects assume
    different phases.
     It was first introduced by Fritz Zernike, a Dutch physicist in 1934
     The phase contrast microscope has a contrast-enhancing optical technique in
    order to produce high contrast images of specimens that are transparent
    which include thin tissue slices, living cells in culture and subcellular
    particles such as nuclei and organelles
    Phase-contrast Microscope
    Differential Interference Contrast
    Microscope
     It is similar to phase-contrast microscope except it utilizes two beams of light
    instead of one and therefore has higher resolution
     The resulting contrasting colors of the specimen being studied are due to the
    prism that split the light beam.
     It was developed by George Nomarski in 1952 as an improvement to the phase-
    contrast microscope
     Useful in examining living specimen when normal biological processes might be
    inhibited by standard staining procedures
     However the three-dimensional image of the specimen produced may not be
    accurate since the enhanced areas of light and shadow may distort the appearance
    of the image
    Differential Interference Contrast
    Microscope
    Fluorescent Microscope
     It makes use of the ultraviolet light and fluorescent dyes called fluorochromes
     The specimen appears to shine against a dark background.
     It uses a higher intensity of light source and this in turn excites a fluorescent species.
     The fluorescent species then emits a lower energy light of a longer wavelength which
    produces the magnified image instead of the original light source
     Fluorescent microscopy can be used to visualize structural components of small
    specimens such as cells and to detect the viability of cell population
     It is used to visualize the genetic material of the cell (DNA and RNA)
    Fluorescent Microscope
    Confocal Microscope

     Also known as confocal laser scanning microscope or laser confocal scanning


    microscope.
     It uses an optical imaging technique that increases optical resolution and contrast
    of the micrograph by using a spatial pin-hole to block-out of focus light in image
    formation.
     The image is stained with a fluorescent dye to make it emit or return light.
     This is use together with computer, to produce a three-dimensional image
     Useful in study of cell physiology
    Electron Microscope

     Utilizes a beam of electron to create an image of the specimen


    Scanning Probe Microscope

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