Water Purification

To
WATER PURIFICATION
waters impurities and
classification
Standard for Textile dye house water supply/specification for process water/ Ideal quality of
feed water for textile industry
Minimum standard Permissible standard

Color Colorless
Smell Odorless
pH value 7-8
Water hardness <5OdH
Dissolved solids <1mg/L
Solid deposits < 50 mg/L
Inorganic salt < 500 mg/L
Organic substance <20 mg/L
Iron (Fe) <0.1 mg/L
Copper (Cu) <0.005 mg/L
Mn < 0.05mg/L
Nitrate < 50 mg/L
Nitrite <5mg/L
The grain per gallon (gpg) is a unit of water hardness defined as 1

grain (64.8 milligrams) of calcium carbonate dissolved in 1
US gallon of water (3.785412 L). It translates into 1 part in about
58,000 parts of water or 17.1 parts per million (ppm)
Quality of water used in Boiler
Properties Acceptable limits

Appearance Clear, without residue.
Residual hardness <0.050 dh
Oxygen <0.02 mg/L
Temporary CO2 0 mg/L
Permanent CO2 <25 mg/L
Iron (Fe) <0.05 mg/L
Copper(Cu) <0.01 mg/L
Phosphate(PO4) 4-5 mg/L
PH(at 25OC) ≈9 (generally 8-9)
Conductivity 2500us/cm
Temp of boiler feed water ≈90OC
900C
Potential problem caused by hard water in textile wet processing
Process Problem
1. Desizing Deactives enzymes and insolubize size materials such as
Starch, PVA etc.
2. Scouring Combine with Soap, Precipitate metal organic acids.
Produce yellowing or off white shades, reduce cleaning
efficiency and reduce water absorption.
3. Bleaching Decompose bleach bath.
H2O2→H2O + [O]
4. Mercerizing From insoluble metal acids, reduce absorbency and
lusture.
5. Dyeing Combine with dyes, changing their shades, in solubilize
dyes, cause tippy dyeing and reduce dye diffusion.
6. Printing Break emulsion, changes thickness, efficiency and
viscosity and those problems associated for dyeing.
7. Finishing Interfere with catalysts, cause resins and other additives
to become non reactive break emulsion and deactives
soap.
Method to soft Hard water
Soda lime process: In this process, hydrated lime & Sodium Carbonate are added to
precipitate calcium & Magnesium ions as compounds of low solubility.
Sequestering agents
Sequestering agent is a dyeing auxiliaries which is used during dyeing for

removing hardness of water. Sequestering agents combine with calcium
and magnesium ions and other heavy metal ions in hard water. They form
molecules in which the ions are held so securely (sequestered) that they
can no longer react.
Sequestering agents are,

Aminocarboxylic acid base products
Phosphates and Phosphonates
Hydroxy carbroxylates
Polyacrylates and
Sugar acrylates
Harmful effects of different ions present in water
The most undesirable impurities in Fibre, Common salt, Glauber salt, Caustic
Soda and Soda ash are the di- and tri-valent cations, e.g., Ca++, Mg ++ Cu +
+, Fe+++ etc. These ions increase hardness of the process bath and generate
iron oxides in the bath. Calcium and Magnesium reacts with alkali and
precipitates as a sticky substance on the textile material, which creates patchy
dyeing and discoloration of the fibre. The ferric oxide with cellulose and creates
small pinhole on the fibres also damages the machinery by scale formation in
the nozzles and base.
Function of Sequestering agents
To overcome these deleterious effects in the scouring and bleaching bath

adequate amount of sequestrant must be used. Sequestrants prevent di-and
tri-valent metal ions, e.g., Cu++, Fe +++ , Mn ++, Ca++, Mg++ etc from
interfering with the chemical processing of the textile material. It prevents
catalytic damage of cellulosic fibres in bleaching hath during hydrogen
peroxide bleaching
Removal of Undissolve Impurities from
water
Removal of Suspended & Dissolved Impurities:
Removal of coarse, dispersed and colloidal impurities from water is
known as clarification. These impurities may be removed either by
filtration or by sedimentation.
(a) Sedimentation:
The simplest way to clarify muddy water is to allow the suspended

material in it to settle, the process is known as sedimentation.
The process of sedimentation allows solid particles to settle

down on the bottom of the settling tank in which water
undergoing clarification is at rest or in slow horizontal or upward
notion.
.
(b) Filtration:
The apparatus used for filtration is called filter and the porous
material that fills the filter is known as filtering material or medium.
In filtration the water is clarified by passing it through a porous
material, which retains coarse impurities on its surface and in its
pores
(C) Coagulation
Silt particles are small enough to remain in colloidal suspension that
cannot removed by sedimentation. The process of coagulation is used
to remove colloidal particles from water.
The process of consolidation of colloidal particles, terminating in
precipitation of the substances removed from the treated water by
settling or filtration is called coagulation.
The reverse process of coagulation i.e. conversion of a solid into a colloidal
state, is called peptization. Reagents that are able to provoke coagulation
of natural colloids in water are coagulants.
Few examples of coagulants are
(i) ferrous sulphate (FeSO4.7H2O),
(ii) aluminium sulphate [Al2(SO4)3.18H2O]
(iii) ferric chloride (FeCl3).

(d) Flocculation:
The process of coagulation could be improved by adding special reagents

known as flocculants. Flocculants are the particles absorbed on the
dispersed particles and on coagulants flakes to convert them into particles
of reasonable large size and high stability.
Starch, sodium polyalginate, polyacrylamine etc. are examples of
flocculants.
Removal of Dissolved Gases
It has been found that some of the gases if present in water in dissolved
form may cause certain difficulties. Dissolved carbon dioxide corrodes the
pipes. Similarly oxygen, chlorine, and other gases, if in dissolved form, are
present in excess amounts, also cause difficulties.
Many dissolved gases can be removed by boiling, decompression or by
means of chemical treatment. Except oxygen and nitrogen all other gases
can be reduced by aeration.
Aeration process removes carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulphide, and odour
very rapidly.
Following are some of the methods of aeration:
(i) By mechanically agitating water.
(ii) By diffusing compressed air inside the water.
(iii) Mixing air in water under pressure.
(iv) By spraying water into the atmosphere through nozzles 1 to 2-3 metre.
(v) Flowing water through perforated trays and coke beds, so that the water filters through
them.
(vi) By flowing water over weirs, steps etc., so that water is exposed to sun as much as
possible.
The presence of iron and copper oxides in water along with oxygen complicates the way in
which hydrazine reacts with these substances.
The reaction:
(1) can proceed at higher rate under certain conditions than reaction
(2) Hence reaction
(3) becomes of secondary importance.
Hydrazine can be used to control nitrite corrosion in high pressure boiler units. It is introduced
into a boiler unit as a solution of definite concentration by means of metering pumps. It should
he noted that hydrazine solutions are noxious and so must be handled with great care.
Under certain conditions excess hydrazine also decomposes according to the reaction.
3N2H4 → 4NH3 + N2
The rate of this reaction depends upon:
(1) The ambient temperature,
(2) pH value of water.
While using hydrazine in heat cycle, it should be noted that accepted or admissible excess
amount of hydrazine be decomposed completely in the circuit. It should not be allowed to pass
to steam and water consumers.
Removal of Gas from Water
Dissolved gases, such as O2, Cl2, CO2 and H2S etc., are removed from
water by various chemical and physico-chemical methods.
The chemical treatment of water involves adding special substances to
water, which qualitatively react with the dissolved gases. For example,
SO2, sodium thiosulphate (Na2S2O, 5H2O) sodium sulphate (Na2SO4)
ferrous sulphate (FeSO4) ammonia (NH3) etc., are used to remove

chlorine from water. Oxygen is removed from water by iron chips,
sulphites, SO2 etc. and CO2 bound with NaOH, Na2CO3, CaO and
CaCO3.
1) 2H2O + Cl2 + SO2 → 2HCl + H2SO4
H2O + Cl2 + Na2SO3 → Na2SO4 + 2HCl
(2) 2Na2S2O3 + Cl2 → Na2S4O6 + 2NaCl
SO2 + 4Fe → 2Fe2O3

The last reaction is especially energetic at high temperatures.
At 25°C it continues for 20-30 minutes while at 80°C it gets
completed in 3 to 5 minutes.
2Na2SO3 + O2 → 2Na2SO4
H2S can be bound with chlorine with subsequent coagulation

of sulphur.
H S + Cl → 2HCl + S
CO2 as carbonic acid (H2CO3) reacts with the chemical agents
according to the following reactions.
(1) H2CO3 + NaOH → NaHCO3 – H2O
2H2CO3 + CuO → Ca(HCO3)2 + H2O
(2) H2CO3 + CaCO3 Ca(HCO3)2

Any substance that reacts with gases can be used to remove them
from water. They only requirement is the harmlessness of the
substances themselves and of the products of their combination with
the gases, and also the cost.
The dose of the chemical is determined empirically by trial treatment
of water sample, or by stoichiometric calculation provided the
concentration of gas contained in the water is known. For example,
SO2 reacts with Cl2.
Removal of Slime and Algae from Water
Hay bacteria (Bacillus subtilis), which are air borne organisms are mainly
responsible for slime and algae in water. In industrial plants, slime and
alage may cause serious trouble, especially in cooling systems such as air
conditioning etc., where spray nozzles and even screens of circulating
pumps get clogged by slime and algae.
The latter can be removed from water by screening or by prechlorination.
Chemical treatment can also prevent the growth of slime and algae
provided the chemical employed is non-toxic, non-volatile, non-odorous and
corrodes the metal parts of the plant.
Generally the growth of slime and algae is prevented by:
(a) Using an overdose of chlorine or ozone in water
(b) Using salts of silver, mercury or copper,
(c) Using organic compounds, such as quaternary ammonium
compounds and sodiumpenta-chloraphenate.
In order to avoid the development of immunity to a particular
chemical in a particular ratio it is desirable to use different
chemicals and various doses at different times.

Water Purification

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To

Minimum standard Permissible standard

The grain per gallon (gpg) is a unit of water hardness defined as 1

Properties Acceptable limits

Sequestering agent is a dyeing auxiliaries which is used during dyeing for

Sequestering agents are,

To overcome these deleterious effects in the scouring and bleaching bath

The simplest way to clarify muddy water is to allow the suspended

The process of sedimentation allows solid particles to settle

(ii) aluminium sulphate [Al2(SO4)3.18H2O]

(iii) ferric chloride (FeCl3).

The process of coagulation could be improved by adding special reagents

ferrous sulphate (FeSO4) ammonia (NH3) etc., are used to remove

H2O + Cl2 + Na2SO3 → Na2SO4 + 2HCl

(2) 2Na2S2O3 + Cl2 → Na2S4O6 + 2NaCl

SO2 + 4Fe → 2Fe2O3

H2S can be bound with chlorine with subsequent coagulation

2H2CO3 + CuO → Ca(HCO3)2 + H2O

(2) H2CO3 + CaCO3 Ca(HCO3)2

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