Anatomy of Heart Group 1

PAPER PRESENTED BY GROUP 1,
NURSING SCIENCE DEPARTMENT,

FACULTY OF NURSING SCIENCE,
THOMAS ADEWUMI UNUVERSITY, OKO,
KWARA STATE.
TITLE:ANATOMY OF THE HEART
COURSE TITLE: MEDICAL SURGICAL NURSING
COURSE CODE: NSC 402
LECTURER: Dr Mrs Fashiku
GROUP MEMBERS
S/N NAMES MATRIC NUMBER
1. ADEMOLA OLUWASEYI GRACE 20/05NSS001
2. DADA MERCY INIOLUWA 20/05NSS011
3. FELIX VICTORIA TAIYE 20/05NSS014
4. ADESINA FAITH KOREDE 20/05NSS003
5. OLAYIDE ELIZABETH PONLE 20/05NSS024
6. OWOLABI DAMILOLA HENRY 20/05NSS023
7. OKEDARA GRACE OLUWASEUN 20/05NSS019
8. DADA VICTORIA TOLUWALASE 21/05NSS044
TABLE OF CONTENT
 Introduction............................................................
 Definition................................................................
 Relations...............................................................
 Diagramatic illustration..........................................
 Layers of the heart.................................................
 Structures of the heart...........................................
 Valves of the heart.................................................
 Blood supply...........................................................
TABLE OF CONTENT
 The conducting system of heart.....................................

 Nerve supply...................................................................
 Fow of blood through heart.............................................
INTRODUCTION
The heart is a roughly cone-shaped hollow muscular organ. It is
about 10
cm long and is about the size of the owner’s fist. It weighs about 225
g in
women and is heavier in men (about 310 g).
• The heart lies in the thoracic cavity in the mediastinum (the
space between the lungs). It lies obliquely, a little more to the left
than the right, and presents a base above, and an apex below. The
apex is about 9 cm to the left of the midline at the level of the 5th
intercostal space, i.e. a little below the nipple and slightly nearer the
midline. The base extends to the level of the 2nd
rib.
DEFINITION
• The heart is a muscular organ that
serves to collect deoxygenated
blood from all parts of the body,
carries it to the lungs to be
oxygenated and release carbon
dioxide. Then, it transports the
oxygenated blood from the lungs
and distributes it to all the body
parts
• The heart pumps around 7,200
litres of blood in a day throughout
the body
Relations
• nferiorly – the apex rests on the central tendon of the diaphragm
• Superiorly – the great blood vessels, i.e. the aorta, superior vena
cava, pulmonary
• artery and pulmonary veins
• Posteriorly – the oesophagus, trachea, left and right bronchus,
descending aorta,
• inferior vena cava and thoracic vertebrae
• Laterally – the lungs – the left lung overlaps the left side of the heart
• Anteriorly – the sternum, ribs and intercostal muscles.
DIAGRAMATIC ILLUSTRATION
Layers of the Heart
• The heart wall is composed of three layers of tissue
pericardium,myocardium and endocardium.
THE PERICARDIUM
• The pericardium is the outermost layer and is made up of two sacs.
The outer sac consists of fibrous tissue and the inner of a
continuous double layer of serous membrane.
• The outer fibrous sac is continuous with the tunica adventitia of the
great blood vessels above and is adherent to the diaphragm below.
Its inelastic, fibrous nature prevents overdistension of the heart.
THE MYOCARDIUM
• The myocardium is composed of
specialised cardiac muscle
found only in the heart. It is not
under voluntary control but is
striated, like skeletal muscle.
Each fibre (cell) has a nucleus
and one or more branches.When
an impulse is initiated it spreads
from cell to cell via the branches
and intercalated discs over the
whole ‘sheet’ of muscle, causing
contraction.
THE ENDOCARDIUM
a. A middle concentric layer
b. A subendocardial layer
• The endocardium lines the chambers and valves of the heart. It is a

thin, smooth, glistening membrane that permits smooth flow of blood
inside the heart. It consists of flattened epithelial cells, and it is
continuous with the endothelium lining the blood vessels.
Interior of the heart

• The heart is divided into a right and left side by the septum, a partition
consisting of myocardium covered by endocardium.
STRUCTURES OF THE HEART
• right atrium
• left atrium
• right ventricle
• left ventricle
• Venous blood returning from the body drains into the right atrium via the
SVC, IVC and coronary sinus.
• The right atrium pumps blood through the tricuspid valve into the right
ventricle
• The right ventricle pumps blood through the pulmonary semilunar valve
into the pulmonary trunk to be oxygenated in the lungs
• Blood returning from the lungs drains into the left atrium via the four
pulmonary veins
• The left atrium pumps blood through the bicuspid (mitral) valve into the left
ventricle
• The left ventricle pumps blood through the aortic semilunar valve into the
ascending aorta to supply the body
Valves of the heart
• The valves of the heart maintain unidirectional flow of the blood and
prevent its regurgitation in the opposite direction. There are two pairs
of valves in the heart, a pair of atrioventricular valves and a pair of
semilunar valves.
Valves of the heart CTD.
1. Atrioventricular valves
between the atria and ventricles
 tricuspid valve (R side of the
heart)
 mitral valve/bicuspid valve (left
side of the heart)
2. Semilunar valves which are
located in the outflow tracts of
the ventricles
 aortic valve (L side heart)
 pulmonary valve (R side heart)
Venous drainage and Lymphatics
• Venous drainage is via the variable coronary veins and the coronary
sinus.
The lymphatic vessels drain mainly into:
 Brachiocephalic nodes, in front of brachiocephalic veins
 Tracheobronchial nodes, located at the distal end of the trachea
Blood supply
• The heart is supplied by two coronary
arteries:
• 1. Left main coronary artery carries
80% of the flow to the heart muscle. It is
a short artery that divides into two
branches:
• a. Left anterior descending artery that
supplies anterior two-thirds of the inter-
ventricular septum and adjoining part of
the left ventricular anterior wall
• b. Circumflex coronary artery that
supplies blood to the lateral and
posterior portions of the left ventricle.
Blood supply CTD.
2. Right coronary artery:

branches supply the right
ventricle, right atrium, and left
ventricle's inferior wall.
The conducting system of the heart.
1. Sinoatrial node (SA node)  The electrical signal generated

 This small mass of specialised by the sinus node moves from
cells lies in the wall of the right cell to cell down through the
atrium near the opening of the heart until it reaches the
superior vena cava.The sinus atrioventricular node (the AV
node is the heart's natural node), a cluster of cells situated
pacemaker. in the center of the heart
between the atria and ventricles.
The conducting system of the heart. CTD.
2. Atrioventricular node (AV • There is a delay here; the
node)This small mass of
electrical signal takes 0.1 of a
neuromuscular tissue is situated
second to pass through into the
in the wall of the atrial septum
ventricles.
near the atrioventricular valves.
Normally, the AV node merely
• This allows the atria to finish
transmits the electrical signals
contracting before the ventricles
from the atria into the ventricles.
start.
conducting system of heart illustrated
Nerve supply
• The main control of the heart resides with the medulla oblongata.
There is an area called the cardioacceleratory centre, or pressor
centre, in the upper part of the medulla oblongata, and an area
called the cardioinhibitory centre, or depressor centre, in the lower
part. Together they are called the cardioregulatory centre, since
they interact to control heart rate
• The nervous supply to the heart is autonomic, consisting of both

sympathetic and parasympathetic parts.
Flow of blood through the heart
• The two largest veins of the body, the superior and inferior venae cavae,
empty their contents into the right atrium. This blood passes via the right
atrioventricular valve into the right ventricle, and from there is pumped into
the pulmonary artery or trunk (the only artery in the body which carries
deoxygenated blood). The opening of the pulmonary artery is guarded by the
pulmonary valve, formed by three semilunar cusps. This valve prevents the
backflow of blood into the right ventricle when the ventricular muscle relaxes.
Flow of blood through the heart ctd.
• After leaving the heart the
pulmonary artery divides into
left and right
• pulmonary arteries, which carry
the venous blood to the lungs
where exchange
• of gases takes place: carbon
dioxide is excreted and oxygen
is absorbed.
References
 Kenny, WL,Wilmore, JH, Costill, DL. Cardiovascular System and its Control.
In Physiology of Sport and Exercise, 5rdedn. Human Kinetics, 2011. 140-
150.
 https://www.inovaheart.org/upload/docs/Healthcare%20Services/Heart
%20and%20Vascular/fast-facts-about-the-heart.pdf
  Chaurasia BD. Human Anatomy Regional and Applied Dissection and
Clinical. Vol 1. CBS Publishers and Distributors Pvt Ltd, 2010
  Radiopedia Heart Available: https://radiopaedia.org/articles/heart?lang=gb
(accessed 17.6.2021)
  Malouf, JF, Edwards, WD, Tajil, AJ, Seward, JB. Functional anatomy of the
heart. In: Fuster, F, Alexander, RW, O’Rourke, RA editors. Hurst’s: The Heart.
10th edn. McGraw-Hill Inc., 2001. p19–62.
  Drake, RL, Vogl, W, Mitchell, AW, Gray, H. Gray's anatomy for Students
References
 Rehman I, Rehman A. Anatomy, Thorax, Heart. [Updated 2020 Dec 28]. In:
StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2021 Jan
Available:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470256/ (accessed
17.6.2021)
  Overview of the coronary arteries and cardiac veins - anterior and posterior
views image - © Kenhub https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/heart
  Moore, KL, Dalley, AF. Clinically oriented anatomy. 6th ed. Philadelphia:
Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2009
References
  Basic heart Anatomy Nervous Supply Heart Available:
https://www.liverpool.ac.uk/~trh/local_html/heartdisease/nerve_su
pply_to_the_heart.htm (accessed18.7.2021)
  Medicine net Conduction system heart
Available:https://www.medicinenet.com/heart_conduction_system/
definition.htm (accessed 18.7.2021)
  Hear Foundation Heart Health Education
Available:https://www.heartfoundation.org.au/heart-health-
education/keeping-your-heart-healthy (accessed 18.7.2021)

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PAPER PRESENTED BY GROUP 1,

NURSING SCIENCE DEPARTMENT,

 The conducting system of heart.....................................

• The endocardium lines the chambers and valves of the heart. It is a

Interior of the heart

2. Right coronary artery:

1. Sinoatrial node (SA node)  The electrical signal generated

• The nervous supply to the heart is autonomic, consisting of both

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