Cardiovascular System

For Biomedical Engineering Undergraduate study

By:- Menberesibhat G.(BSc.PHO,MSc. )

 Instructional objectives

• By the end this lesson students you are expected to:-

• Identify the Organs of the cardiovascular system
• List the types of blood vessels and their branches
• Describe the blood vessel s distribution
throughout the human body
 Cardiovascular system(CVS)
Heart, blood and blood vessels form the blood
transportation network, the CVS.
The blood carries nutrients, O2 & waste products to and
from cells.
The heart pumps blood through the body's vast system of
vessels and also carry body fluid back to the heart.
There are 3 types of blood vessels:-
Arteries
Veins
Capillaries
 Heart
Surfaces and borders
Heart
 Size - ≈ one’s own fist
Location
Located in the central
region of thoracic cavity in
between the lungs.
About two-thirds of it lies to
the left of the median plane

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 Coverings of the Heart
Pericardium – a double-
walled sac around the
heart composed of:
1. A superficial fibrous
pericardium
2. A deep two-layer serous
pericardium:
A. Parietal layer lines the
internal surface of the
fibrous pericardium
B. Visceral layer or
epicardium lines the
surface of the heart.
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Heart … Coverings

Function of the Pericardium

– Protects and anchors the heart.
– Prevents overfilling of the
heart with blood.
– Allows for the heart to
work in a relatively
friction-free environment.

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 Wall of the Heart
Epicardium – visceral
layer of serous
pericardium.
Myocardium – cardiac
muscle layer forming the
bulk of the heart.
Endocardium –
endothelial layer of the
inner myocardial surface.
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 Internal Anatomy of the Heart
Chambers:-Four chambers
1. Right atrium:-Blood receiving
chamber from systemic circuit
2. Right ventricle:-Pumps blood to
pulmonary circuit
3. Left atrium:-Blood receiving chamber
from pulmonary circuit
4. Left ventricle:-Pumps blood to
systemic circuit
Septa:-
• Interatrial septum - separates atria
• Interventricular septum - separates
ventricles
Internal Anatomy of the Heart
 Heart valves and their locations
 Valves ensure unidirectional blood flow through
the heart. These heart valves are
 Atrioventricular (AV) valves - found between
the atria and ventricles.
 Semilunar valves - these valves resembles a
half-moon.
AV valves are right and left AV valves:-
Right AV valve(Tricuspid valve)
– has three cusps.
– Found between right atrium into the right
ventricle.
 Left AV valve(Mitral valve) = bicuspid valve
– has two cusps
– Found between the left atrium and the left
ventricle
 Semilunar Valves
1. Pulmonary valve
Located between the right
ventricle and the pulmonary
trunk.
2. Aortic valve
Located between left
ventricle and the aorta.
 Conduction system and its parts
SA (Sinoatrial) node:-
In wall of Right Atrium
– Sets basic rate: 70-80 beat
– Is the normal pacemaker
Impulse from SA to atria then, to AV
node via internodal pathway
AV node:-In interatrial septum
AV bundle (bundle of His) into
interventricular septum divides
R and L bundle branches become
subendocardial branches (“Purkinje
fibers”)

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 Blood Supply to the Heart
• Coronary circulation is
the functional blood
supply to the heart muscle
itself.
Arteries
• coronary arteries (right and
left)
– Originate from Ascending
Aorta at aortic sinuses
• Veins
• Small cardiac veins
• Medium cardiac veins
• Great cardiac veins
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 Blood Vessels
 Systemic circulation
– Consists of the blood vessels that extend
to and from the body tissues.
 Pulmonary circulation
– Consists of the vessels that take the
blood to the lungs for gas exchange.
 Blood vessels can be
 Arteries
 Veins
 Capillaries
 Arteries
• Carry blood away from the
heart to the body.
Three types of arteries:
 Large elastic arteries
(conducting arteries).
 Medium muscular arteries
(distributing arteries).
 Small arteries and
arterioles.
 Veins and factors aiding venous return
• Veins :- return poorly oxygenated
blood to the heart from the capillary
beds
• The walls of veins are thinner than
those of their companion arteries
– The smallest veins, venules, unite to
form larger veins that usually form
venous plexuses.
– Systemic veins carry deoxygenated
blood to the right atrium of the heart,
while pulmonary veins carry oxygenated
blood to the left atrium of the heart. The musculo-venous pump
 Capillaries
 Smallest blood vessels contain only
tunica intima, but this layer consists
of a basement membrane and
endothelium only.
 Allow gas and nutrient exchange
between the blood and the body
tissues to occur rapidly.
 Connect arterioles to venules.
 Are called the functional units of the
cardiovascular system.
 A group of capillaries (10–100)
functions together and forms a
capillary bed.
 Systemic Arteries
Aorta
• The largest artery
• Begins from the left
ventricle then travels
downward
The Parts
1. The ascending aorta
2. The aortic arch
3. The descending aorta
 Branches of the Ascending Aorta
• Has two branches:
– Left and Right
coronary arteries
– Supply the heart
muscle.
 Branches of the arch of the Aorta
Arch of the Aorta :- gives three large
branches.
1. Brachiocephalic artery
2. Left common carotid artery
3. Left subclavian artery
Brachiocephalic artery
• Supplies the arm and the head on
the right side.
• Divides into
– Right subclavian artery : supplies
the right upper extremity(arm)
– Right common carotid artery
supplies the right side of the
neck, head and brain.
Branches of the arch of the aorta …
Left common carotid artery
• It extends upward from the highest
part of the aortic arch
– It supplies the left side of the neck and the
head
Common Carotid Arteries
• Each common carotid artery travels
along the trachea enclosed in a sheath
with the internal jugular vein and the
vagus nerve.
• Just anterior to the angle of the
mandible (lower jaw) it branches into
– External carotid artery
– Internal carotid artery
 Arteries of the head and neck
• External carotid artery
• supplies blood to structures of the neck,
• It gives branches to the thyroid gland
upper part of the neck, lower jaw, and face.
Internal carotid artery
travels into the head and branches to supply
the eye, the anterior portion of the brain,
and other structures in the cranium.
• Divides into three branches
1. Ophthalmic artery
2. Anterior cerebral artery
3. Middle cerebral artery
 Arteries in the Brain
The brain is nourished by
• Internal carotid arteries
• Vertebral arteries
– Vertebral arteries connect each other at basilar artery .
• The cerebrum is fed by:
– Anterior
– Middle cerebral arteries
– Posterior
• The cerebellum is fed by the cerebellar arteries.
 Arterial circle(Circle of Willis)
Anastomotic formation of arteries around the pituitary gland
and optic chiasma at the base of the brain by
– The cerebellar branches of the basilar artery
– The internal carotid arteries
– The cerebral arteries of the internal carotid artery.
Consists of
– Posterior cerebral arteries and posterior communicating arteries
(branches of the posterior cerebral arteries)
– Anterior cerebral arteries, and anterior communicating arteries (which
connect the two anterior cerebral arteries)
– Internal carotid arteries on the right and left
• Equalizes blood pressure in the brain and can provide collateral channels
should one vessel become blocked.
Arterial circle(Circle of Willis)
 Left subclavian artery
Last branch of the aortic arch.
 Its first branch:-Vertebral artery
– Passes though the transverse
processes of the first six cervical
vertebrae.
–to the posterior portion of
the brain.
 It extends under the left clavicle
and supplies the left upper
extremity:-the arm and hand.
 Arteries of the upper limb
The blood supply to the upper limbs is
derived from : subclavian arteries.
The left :
directly from the arch of the aorta,
The right :
from the brachiocephalic trunk.
Courses
Both arteries travel laterally towards the
shoulder and pass under the clavicles.
Once they pass over the first rib the arteries
are renamed the axillary arteries .
The axillary arteries pass through the axilla
giving off branches to the shoulder joint.
 Brachial artery
As Axillary arteries pass under teres
minor, it is renamed as brachial
arteries and descend into the arm.
Divided into radial and ulnar
arteries at the elbow.
Ulnar artery
passes along the ulnar (medial) side
of the arm to the wrist where it
forms the superficial palmar arch.
Radial artery
passes along the radial side of the
arm to the wrist where it forms the
deep palmar arch.
superficial and deep palmar arches
anastomoses, and give rise to the
digital arteries which supply the
thumb and fingers.
Descending Aorta
Descending thoracic aorta
Supplies organs of the chest
Bronchial arteries
Pericardial arteries
Esophageal arteries
Mediastinal arteries
Supplies chest wall
Intercostal arteries
Superior phrenic arteries
 Descending Abdominal Aorta
It descends to the abdomen through the
aortic aperture of the diaphragm, until it
reaches the 4th lumbar vertebrae where it
divides into the common iliac arteries
Branches
Unpaired branches;- Major branches to visceral
organs:- T o the stomach, liver, intestine .
Paired branches:-To body wall, Kidney,
Urinary bladder and Structures outside
abdominopelvic cavity
Terminal branches
Right common iliac artery
Left common iliac artery
 Unpaired branches of Abdominal Aorta
Celiac trunk
• A short artery arises just as the aorta passes the diaphragm and Subdivides into 3
branches
– Left gastric artery - to the stomach
– Splenic artery - to the spleen
– Common hepatic artery - carries oxygenated blood to the liver
 Superior mesenteric(SMA)
• The largest branch arises at L1 level
• It descends into the mesentery where it branches to supply most of the small intestine
and to the 1st half of the large intestine
 Inferior mesenteric(IMA)
– Inf. pancreaticoduedenal
 Arise at the level of L3.
– Middle colic
 It descends behind the mesentery where it branches
– Right colic
to supply the second half of the large intestines
– Ileocolic
Left colic
– jejunoileal
Sigmoid
Superior rectal
Unpaired branches of Abdominal Aorta …
 Paired branches of Abdominal Aorta
The paired branches include:
– Phrenic arteries - supply the
diaphragm.
– Suprarenal arteries - supply the
adrenal (suprarenal) glands.
– Renal arteries - the largest in this
group, carry blood to the kidneys.
– Gonadal arteries (Ovarian in
women; testicular in men) - supply
the sex glands.
– Four pairs of lumbar arteries -
extend into the musculature of the
abdominal wall.
 Terminal branches of Abdominal Aorta
• Finally abdominal aorta divides into
Right and left common iliac arteries.
• In the pelvis, each common iliac
arteries subdivides into internal and
external iliac arteries.
• Each Internal iliac arteries send
branches to the pelvic organs,
including:-
– The urinary bladder, the rectum and
some reproductive organs
• Each External iliac arteries continues
into the thigh as the femoral artery
supply the lower limb.
 Arteries of the lower limb
External iliac becomes :-Femoral Artery
• Once passes the inguinal ligament
• Branches into Deep femoral artery
Adductors, hamstrings, quadriceps
– Branches into Medial/lateral
femoral circumflex:-Head and
neck of femur.
Femoral becomes:-Popliteal (continuation
of femoral)
Branches into:
– Geniculars:-supply Knee
Splits into:
– Anterior Tibial :-Anterior leg
muscles, further branches to
feet.
– Posterior Tibial:-Flexor
muscles, plantar arch,
branches to toes
– Peroneal (fibular) arteries
 Arteries of the lower limb
The anterior tibial artery :
descends through the leg on the
front of the interosseous
membrane.
– On reaching the ankle joint it
becomes the dorsalis pedis artery
which supplies the dorsum (top) of
the foot.
The posterior tibial artery :
descends along the back of the leg
on top of the tibialis posterior
muscle.
– On reaching the back of the ankle
it splits into medial and lateral
plantar arteries which travel into
the sole (plantar aspect) of the foot
which they supply.
Systemic Veins
• Complementary Arteries and
Veins run side by side
• Branching patterns of peripheral
veins are more variable
• In neck and limbs
– One set of arteries (deep)
– Two sets of veins (one deep,
one superficial)
Veins of head, neck and
upper limb

The Superior Vena Cava (SVC)

• Receives blood from the
tissues and organs of:
– Head
– Neck
– Chest
– Shoulders
– Upper limbs
Cerebral Veins
Great cerebral vein:- drains
to straight sinus

Other cerebral veins:-drain

to cavernous sinus which
drains to petrosal
sinus

Vertebral Veins:-empty into

brachiocephalic veins of
chest.
Hepatic Portal System
Common iliac veins
• The external iliac veins are
joined by internal iliac veins to
form right and left common
iliac veins
– The right and left common iliac
veins merge to form the inferior
vena cava.
 Veins of lower limb
• Capillaries of the sole drain into a network of plantar veins:- Which
drain the plantar venous arch.
• Drain into deep veins of leg:-
 Anterior tibial vein
 Posterior tibial vein
 Fibular vein
• All three join to become popliteal vein
• The Dorsal Venous Arch:- Collects blood from:- Superior surface of
foot.
• Digital veins:- Drain in two Superficial veins
1 Great saphenous vein (drains into femoral vein)
2. Small saphenous vein (drains into popliteal vein
 Veins of lower limb
• The Popliteal Vein becomes the femoral vein before entering
abdominal wall, receives blood from:-
 Great saphenous vein
 Deep femoral vein
 Femoral circumflex vein
• Inside the pelvic cavity becomes the external iliac vein and
joined by internal iliac veins
• To form right and left common iliac veins then it merge to
form the inferior vena cava.
Veins of lower limb
 Veins of lower limb
• Deep Veins: Mostly share names of
arteries
– Ultimately empty into Inferior Vena Cava
• Plantar
• Tibial
• Fibular
• Popliteal
• Femoral
• External/internal iliac
• Common iliac
Veins of lower limb
The Lymphatic System
The Lymphatic System
The Lymphatic System
Lymph moved through vessels by:
Pulse of nearby arteries
Contraction of surrounding skeletal muscle
Regular movement of body (wiggling legs)
Muscle in tunica media
The Lymphatic System
 Lymphatic Trunks
After leaving the lymph nodes, the largest lymphatic
collecting vessels converge to form lymph trunks
The five major lymphatic trunks
1. Lumbar:- lower limb, pelvis & anterior abdominal wall
2. Intestinal (unpaired):- intestine, stomach
3. Bronchomediastinal :- thoracic viscera & wall
4. Subclavian :- upper limb & lower part of neck
5. Jugular :- head and neck
 Lymphatic Ducts
A. Thoracic duct
Begins at the union of the lumbar and intestinal trunks
Empties into the venous circulation at the junction of
the left internal jugular and left subclavian veins.
Joined by the left jugular, subclavian, and/or
Bronchomediastinal trunks just before it joins with the
venous circulation.
Drain left side of the head, neck, and thorax; left
upper limb; and body’s entire lower half
B. Right lymphatic duct
Present in 20% of individuals
Lymphatic Ducts
Session end up

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