Chapter 2 Basic Aircraft Electricity and Electronics

EFDR AIR FORCE ACADEMY
DEPARTMENT OF AVIATION ELECTRONICS
Lecture for Section: VOCATIONAL COURSE

Course Title: Aircraft Basic electronics and Electricity
By: Lt. Bisrat Fetene
Chapter 2
2 DC Circuits
Contents
2.1 Series Circuit/Network
2.2 Voltage Division rule
2.3 Parallel Circuit/Network
2.4 Current Division rule
2.5 Kirchhoff’s laws
2.1 Series Circuit/Network
Two elements are said to be in series if they are connected at a single point and
if there are no other current-carrying connections at this point.
In a series circuit, the sum of the voltages is equal to zero.
Vsource + V1 + V2 + V3 = 0
Here we consider the source voltage to be positive and the voltage drops of
each device to be negative.
Vsource = V1 + V2 + V3
Since V = IR (from Ohm’s Law):
Vsource = I1R1 + I2R2 + I3R3

 In a series circuit, the same amount of charge (current) passes through each
device.
I T = I1 = I2 = I3
 What it the total resistance in a series circuit?
Vsource = V1 + V2 + V3
Vsource = I1R1 + I2R2 + I3R3
ITotal = I1 = I2 = I3,
here we can factor out I such that
Vsource = ITotal (R1 + R2 + R3)
Since Vsource = ITotalRTotal:
RTotal = REq = R1 + R2 + R3
Example 1
2.2 Voltage Division rule
One of the more common uses of resistors is voltage division, A voltage divider
is also used to convert a higher voltage to a lower one so that an instrument can
read or measure a voltage above its normal range.
V1 (t) =R1i (t)…………… (I)

V2 (t) =R2i (t)…………… (II)
V (t) = V1 (t) +v2 (t)
V (t) =R1i (t)+ R2i (t)= i(t)(R1+R2)
Hence, i (t) =v (t) /R1+R2……………. (III)
Substituting III in I and II equations
V1 (t) = V (t) (R1/R1+R2)
 Rx 
V2 (t) = V (t) (R2/R1+R2) V x   VT
 RT 
 This voltage divider rule can be extended to circuits that are designed with
more than two resistors.
V1(t)= V(t) R1/R1+R2+R3+R4

V2(t)= V(t) R2/R1+R2+R3+R4
V3(t)= V(t) R3/R1+R2+R3+R4
V4(t)= V(t) R4/R1+R2+R3+R4
Example 2
2.3 Parallel Circuit/Network
A parallel circuit exists where components are connected across the same
voltage source.
Parallel circuits are similar to those used in homes.
V+ V1 V2 V3
Since each device is connected across the same voltage source:

Vsource = V1 = V2 = V3
 The total current from the voltage source is equal to the sum of the currents in
each of the resistors.
ITotal = I1 + I2 + I3
 What it the total resistance in a parallel circuit?
 Using conservation of flow of charge
ITotal = I1 + I2 + I3
or
V1 V2 V3
I total    (1)
R1 R2 R3
Since Vsource = V1 = V2 = V3 we can substitute Vsource in (1)
as follows:
Vsource Vsource Vsource
I total    ( 2)
R1 R2 R3
What it the total resistance in a parallel circuit ?
• However, since ITotal = Vsource/RTotal substitute in (2) as follows
Since Vsource cancels, the relationship reduces to
1 1 1 1
   (3)
Req R1 R2 R3
Note: Rtotal has been replaced by Req.

Therefore, in parallel connection we have:
Example 3
2.4 Current Division rule
 A parallel circuit acts as a current divider as it divides the total circuit current
in its all branches.
 Figure1 shows a current divider circuit in which the total circuit current I has
been divided into currents I1 and I2 in two parallel branches with
resistances R1 and R2.
 Although, we can notice that the voltage drop across both resistances is same,
i.e., V.
 According to Ohm’s law,
 Let R is the equivalent resistance of the circuit, and it is given by,
 Also, from the circuit, we get,
 But, we know that the voltage across both resistances is same.

 Hence, from equations (2) & (3), we finally get,
 Similarly,
 So that;
 Equations (4) and (5) give the expressions of current division rule.
 From these equations, we may state that the current in any of the parallel
branches is equal to the ratio of opposite branch resistance to the sum of all
resistances, multiplied by the total circuit current.
Example 4
Find the current passes through each resistor by the current divider rule for the given
network.
In this example, three resistors are connected in parallel. First, we find the equivalent
resistance.
Req = 100/17
Req = 5.882 Ω
 The total current supplied by the source is I. So, according to ohm’s law;
V = I Req
50V = I (5.882Ω)
I = 50V / 5.882Ω
I = 8.5 A
 Now, we apply the current divider rule to the first resister (10 Ω), and the
current passes through this resister is I 1;
 Here R2 and R3 are connected in parallel. So, we need to find the equivalent
resistance between R2 and R3.
(R2 || R3 ) = 14.285 Ω
 Similarly, we apply the current divider rule to the Second resistor (20 Ω), and
the current that passes through this resister is I 2;
2.5 Kirchhoff’s laws
Gustav Robert Kirchhoff (1824–1887)
 Kirchhoff ’s laws tell us how voltages relate to other voltages in a circuit, and
how currents relate to other currents in a circuit.
 Introduce two laws:
2.5.1 Kirchhoff Voltage Law (KVL)
2.5.2 Kirchhoff Current Law (KCL)

2.5.1 Kirchhoff Voltage Law (KVL)
 The sum of voltage drops around a closed path must equal zero.
 voltage increases = voltage decreases

(What goes up, must come down)
 For any circuit loop: v  0
 The voltage drops around any closed loop must equal the applied voltages
 Example 5
2.5.2 Kirchhoff Current Law (KCL)
 The sum of currents leaving a closed surface or point must equal zero.
 Current entering node = current exiting

Convention: +i is exiting, -i is entering
For any circuit node: i  0
 In mathematical form, Kirchhoff’s current law is stated as follows:
 Verify that Kirchhoff's current law applies at node shown in figure below
The End of
Chapter 2

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EFDR AIR FORCE ACADEMY

DEPARTMENT OF AVIATION ELECTRONICS

Lecture for Section: VOCATIONAL COURSE

Since V = IR (from Ohm’s Law):

Vsource = I1R1 + I2R2 + I3R3

V1 (t) =R1i (t)…………… (I)

V1(t)= V(t) R1/R1+R2+R3+R4

Since each device is connected across the same voltage source:

Since Vsource cancels, the relationship reduces to

Note: Rtotal has been replaced by Req.

 Let R is the equivalent resistance of the circuit, and it is given by,

 Also, from the circuit, we get,

 But, we know that the voltage across both resistances is same.

Gustav Robert Kirchhoff (1824–1887)

 Introduce two laws:

2.5.1 Kirchhoff Voltage Law (KVL)

2.5.2 Kirchhoff Current Law (KCL)

 voltage increases = voltage decreases

 For any circuit loop: v  0

 Current entering node = current exiting

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