2a. Pure and Impure Matter

Simple Paper Chromatography Filtration
Fractional Distillation
Separating Funnel
Mixtures and Separations
Simple Distillation
Elements
• An element is a substance made up of only
one type of atom.
• Elements can NOT be broken down into

anything simpler by chemical reactions.
• Examples of elements include:

Helium, He
Oxygen, O2
Chlorine, Cl2
Compounds
• A compound is a substance made up of two or more
different atom (or ions) joined together by bonds.
• There are two main groups of compounds:

1. Molecular or giant molecular (atoms are chemically
bonded together covalently)
2. Ionic (positive or negative ions are chemically

bonded ionically)
• Chemical bonds a strong forces holding the atoms

together.
Physical Properties
• Physical properties do NOT depend on the
amount of substance present.
Examples of physical properties are:

melting and boiling points
density
strength
hardness
electrical and thermal conductivity
Chemical Properties
• Chemical properties describe how elements
and compounds react with other substances.
Examples of chemical properties are:

1. methane + oxygen  carbon dioxide + water
2. sodium + water  sodium hydroxide + hydrogen

Pure Substances and Mixtures
• If a substance is pure it can not be separated into any
other parts by physical means.
For example, pure water has ONLY water molecules in

it.
• If a substance is impure it is referred to as a mixture.
A mixture contains two or more different components.
For example, water mixed with salt would contain water

molecules (H2O), sodium (Na+) and chloride (Cl-) ions.
Pure Substances
• Pure substances have sharp melting and boiling
points.
The melting/freezing point of pure water is

0 oC while its boiling point is 100 oC.
• Impurities in a pure substance:

a. Raises its boiling point eg. 100oC  104oC
&
b. Lowers its melting/freezing point 0oC  -2oC
Mixtures
• Mixtures can be separated by physical means
such as:
a. Filtration
OR
b. Distillation
Comparing Compounds and Mixtures
Compound (pure substance) Mixture (impure substance)
Fixed composition Variable composition
Cannot be separated by physical means Can be separated by physical means
Physical properties are different from the Physical properties, e.g. colour and
elements from which they are made density, are the average of the substances
in the mixture
Solutions, Suspensions and Colloids
• A solution is a uniform mixture or
homogeneous mixture of two or more
substances.
• A solute is a substance that is dissolved in a

solvent. It can be a solid, liquid or a gas.
• A solvent is a substance that dissolves a solute.

It can also be a solid, liquid or a gas.
Solutions
• In solutions the particles can not be seen
• The solution is transparent, light passes

through them
• Particles in a solution can not be separated via

filtration nor does the solute separate from
the solvent if it is left to stand. However some
types of solutions can be separated by simple
or fractional distillation.
Types of Solutions
Solute Solvent Example
Solid Liquid Seawater (salt dissolved in water)
Solid Solid Bronze (tin dissolved in copper)
Gas Liquid Carbonated water (carbon dioxide dissolved in water)
Liquid Liquid Rum (ethanol dissolved in a mixture of liquids)
Gas Gas Air (mixture of nitrogen, oxygen and other gases)

Suspensions
• A suspension is a mixture of small particles
dispersed in another substance. If left to stand the
small particles would settle to the bottom of the
mixture. This settling is referred to as
sedimentation.
• The particles are large enough to be seen.
• Suspensions are opaque and scatters light.
• The particles can be separated by filtration.

Type of Suspensions
Nature of the Example
Suspension
1. Dirt in water
Solid in Liquid 2. Sand in water
3. Rocks in water
4. Particles in liquid medication
Colloids
• Colloids consist of one type of particle (solid, liquid or
gas) dispersed throughout another.
• In colloids the particles are larger than those of a

solution but smaller than those of a suspension.
• Colloids are opaque and scatter light.
• They can NOT be separated by filtration.
• The particles do NOT settle to the bottom of the

mixture.
Examples of Colloids
Nature of colloid Type of colloid Example
Solid dispersed in gas Aerosol Smoke particles in air
Gas dispersed in liquid Foam Whipped cream
Liquid dispersed in liquid Emulsion Milk (fat in water)
Solid dispersed in liquid Sol Paint
Liquid trapped in solid Gel Jelly

Quizlet
• 1. Which one of the following is an element?
a. H2O b. CO2 c. O3 d. H2S
• 2. Sublimation is
a. Solid  gas b. Solid  liquid
c. Liquid  gas d. Gas  liquid
• 3. All of the following are diatomic molecules EXCEPT:

a. O2 b. Ne c. F2 d. I2
• 4. Which of the following is a colloid?

a. Salty water b. Jelly
c. Carbonated beverage d. Sand in water
• 5. Bronze is an alloy, which is a mixture of copper and tin and it is a

a. Suspension b. Solution c. Colloid d. Emulsion
Quizlet
• 6. Filtration can be used to separate the components of a
a. Solution b. Suspension c. Colloid d. Gel
• 7. All of the following ions are cations EXCEPT

a. Na+ b. Ca2+ c. Li+ d. Cl-
• 8. Which of the following represents a polyatomic ion?

a. NH4+ b. F- c. O2- d. N3-
• 9. When a gas transitions into a liquid it is

a. Melting b. Evaporating c. Condensing d. Freezing
• 10. Air is a fluid made up of many different types of gases. Which gas has
the greatest composition in air?
a. Oxygen b. Neon
c. Carbon dioxide d. nitrogen

2a. Pure and Impure Matter

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Simple Paper Chromatography Filtration

• Elements can NOT be broken down into

• Examples of elements include:

• There are two main groups of compounds:

2. Ionic (positive or negative ions are chemically

• Chemical bonds a strong forces holding the atoms

Examples of physical properties are:

Examples of chemical properties are:

2. sodium + water  sodium hydroxide + hydrogen

For example, pure water has ONLY water molecules in

• If a substance is impure it is referred to as a mixture.

A mixture contains two or more different components.

For example, water mixed with salt would contain water

The melting/freezing point of pure water is

• Impurities in a pure substance:

Fixed composition Variable composition

Cannot be separated by physical means Can be separated by physical means

• A solute is a substance that is dissolved in a

• A solvent is a substance that dissolves a solute.

• The solution is transparent, light passes

• Particles in a solution can not be separated via

Solid Liquid Seawater (salt dissolved in water)

Solid Solid Bronze (tin dissolved in copper)

Gas Liquid Carbonated water (carbon dioxide dissolved in water)

Liquid Liquid Rum (ethanol dissolved in a mixture of liquids)

Gas Gas Air (mixture of nitrogen, oxygen and other gases)

• The particles are large enough to be seen.

• Suspensions are opaque and scatters light.

• The particles can be separated by filtration.

• In colloids the particles are larger than those of a

• Colloids are opaque and scatter light.

• They can NOT be separated by filtration.

• The particles do NOT settle to the bottom of the

Solid dispersed in gas Aerosol Smoke particles in air

Gas dispersed in liquid Foam Whipped cream

Liquid dispersed in liquid Emulsion Milk (fat in water)

Solid dispersed in liquid Sol Paint

Liquid trapped in solid Gel Jelly

• 3. All of the following are diatomic molecules EXCEPT:

• 4. Which of the following is a colloid?

• 5. Bronze is an alloy, which is a mixture of copper and tin and it is a

• 7. All of the following ions are cations EXCEPT

• 8. Which of the following represents a polyatomic ion?

• 9. When a gas transitions into a liquid it is

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