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    Logic

    Uploaded by

    Abdullah Bilal

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    Logic

    Uploaded by

    Abdullah Bilal
    8 views10 pages

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

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    PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

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    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    8 views10 pages

    Logic

    Uploaded by

    Abdullah Bilal

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 10

    What is an argument?

     An argument is a statement or set of statement that you


    use in order to try to convince people that your opinion about
    something is correct.
     An argument is an attempt to persuade someone of something.
    Reason are given to accept the conclusion.

    Valid argument:
    • A valid argument is one where the conclusion follows logically and
    necessarily from the premises.
    • The argument’s structure is sound, and the premises provide sufficient
    support for the conclusion.
    Example:
    • Premises 1: All human are mortal.
    • Premises 2: Socrates is human.
    • Conclusion: Therefore, Socrates is mortal.
    Invalid argument:
     An invalid argument is one where the conclusion
    does not follow logically from the premises.
     The argument’s structure is flawed, and the premises
    do not provide sufficient support for the conclusion.
    Example:
     Premises 1: All cats are animals.
     Premises 2: Dogs are animals.
     Conclusion: Therefore, all dogs are cats.
    In this example, the conclusion does not follow
    logically from the premises, making the argument
    invalid.
    Sound argument:
     Sound argument is one that is both valid and has
    true premises.
     A sound argument guarantees the truth of the
    conclusion .
    Example:
     Premises 1: All numbers that end in 0 are divisible
    by 10. (true)
     Premises 2: 20 ends in 0. (true)
     Conclusion : Therefore, 20 is divisible by 10.(true)
    In this example, the argument is both valid and has
    true premises, making it sound.
    Valid soundness:
    1. Logical structure: The argument follows
    a logical pattern, such as modus ponens
    or hypothetical syllogism.
    2. True premises: The statement used as
    evidence are accurate and true.
    3. Proper inference: The conclusion follows
    necessarily from the premises.
    4. No fallacies: The argument avoids
    common logical fallacies, such as ad
    hominem or straw man.
    5. Clear language: The terms and concepts
    are defined and used consistently.
    Invalid soundness:
    1. Flawed logic: The argument’s structure is
    incorrect, such as affirming the consequent or
    denying the antecedent.
    2. False premises: One or more statements used as
    evidence are inaccurate or false.
    3. Improper inference: The conclusion does not
    follow logically from the premises.
    4. Fallacies: The argument contains logical fallacies,
    such as appeal to authority or false dichotomy.
    5. Ambiguous language: Term and concepts are
    unclear, ambiguous, or used inconsistently.
    6. Assumptions: Unstated assumptions or
    implicit biases influence the argument.
    7. Missing evidence: Relevant evidence is
    omitted or ignored.
    8. Read herrings: Irrelevant information is
    introduced to distract from the argument flaws.
    Components of arguments:
    I. Claim
    II. Evidence
    III. Reason
    IV. Counter claim
    V. How do I develop argument ?
    Claim:
    A strong claim will be;
    1. Take a stand
    2. Clarify the relevance of your argument
    3. Express your main idea clearly
    4. Be specific

    Evidence:
    The part of your argument
    that provides facts/ proof to support your
    reasons. Here you provide evidence from
    research.
    Reason:
    After your mom’s
    counterclaim, she’ll probably ask, ‘why is it
    that you think you need a new cell
    phone?’ Then it’s time for the reasons.

    Counter claim:
    That’s your mom’s counterclaim. A
    counterclaim is just the opposite of a claim. In a
    more formal way, she might say, ‘ Your current
    situation does not….
    How do I develop argument?
    1) Formulate your main claim. You can start
    by drafting a claim, a hypothesis or a
    position on an issue…
    2) Bring together your reasons and evidence
    …
    3) Structure your argument. ….
    4) Test and refine your main claim.
    Conclusion:
    A conclusion in an argument. A is
    a claim whose truth is supposed to be
    established by A. The premises are supposed
    to provide support for the conclusion so that
    if one grants their truth, then one should
    grant that the conclusion is true or,
    depending on the nature of the argument,
    likely to be true.

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