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    Philosophical Reasoning Diagrams

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    pedro sorjuan
    1) The document discusses Plato's tripartite soul theory which divides the soul into the rational, spirited, and appetitive parts. 2) It also discusses different types of arguments including deductive, inductive, abductive, argument by analogy, and reductio ad absurdum. Deductive arguments provide certainty if premises are true, while inductive arguments provide likely conclusions based on past experiences. 3) Key concepts discussed include premises, validity, soundness, entailment, and the Socratic method of learning through dialectic exchange rather than passive transmission.

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    Philosophical Reasoning Diagrams

    Uploaded by

    pedro sorjuan
    21 views2 pages
    1) The document discusses Plato's tripartite soul theory which divides the soul into the rational, spirited, and appetitive parts. 2) It also discusses different types of arguments including deductive, inductive, abductive, argument by analogy, and reductio ad absurdum. Deductive arguments provide certainty if premises are true, while inductive arguments provide likely conclusions based on past experiences. 3) Key concepts discussed include premises, validity, soundness, entailment, and the Socratic method of learning through dialectic exchange rather than passive transmission.

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    1) The document discusses Plato's tripartite soul theory which divides the soul into the rational, spirited, and appetitive parts. 2) It also discusses different types of arguments including deductive, inductive, abductive, argument by analogy, and reductio ad absurdum. Deductive arguments provide certainty if premises are true, while inductive arguments provide likely conclusions based on past experiences. 3) Key concepts discussed include premises, validity, soundness, entailment, and the Socratic method of learning through dialectic exchange rather than passive transmission.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    21 views2 pages

    Philosophical Reasoning Diagrams

    Uploaded by

    pedro sorjuan
    1) The document discusses Plato's tripartite soul theory which divides the soul into the rational, spirited, and appetitive parts. 2) It also discusses different types of arguments including deductive, inductive, abductive, argument by analogy, and reductio ad absurdum. Deductive arguments provide certainty if premises are true, while inductive arguments provide likely conclusions based on past experiences. 3) Key concepts discussed include premises, validity, soundness, entailment, and the Socratic method of learning through dialectic exchange rather than passive transmission.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 2

    ● Tripartite soul:

    1) Rational - logical; seeks truth and is swayed by facts and arguments


    2) Spirited - emotional; how feelings fuels your actions (swayed by sympathy)
    3) Appetitive - physical desires; drives you to eat, have intercourse and protect yourself

    ● Premises - the reason that backs up your arguments. A proposition that supports a
    conclusion.

    ● Types of arguments:
    1) Deductive - If your premises are true then your conclusion is also true. General →
    specific. Only argument that gives you certainty. It’s limited, because it only works if
    you’re starting with known, true premises. Deduction requires a fair amount of
    general information to give you a specific conclusion.

    2) Inductive - Inductive reasoning relies on the predictability of nature to reveal that the
    future is likely to resemble the past, often in important ways. Using past experience
    to make future predictions. If premises are true then the conclusion is likely to be
    true. Specific → General. The future doesn't always resemble the past, there may be
    outliers.

    3) Abductive - Drawing a conclusion based on the explanation that best explains a state
    of events, rather than from evidence provided by the premises. “Inference to the best
    explanation.“; you rule out improbable conclusions to come up with the most
    plausible conclusion. Doesn't give certainty.

    4) Argument by analogy - Argument from analogy is a special type of inductive


    argument, whereby perceived similarities are used as a basis to infer some further
    similarity that has yet to be observed.
    5) Reductio Ad Absurdum - The form of argument that attempts to establish a claim by
    showing that the opposite scenario would lead to absurdity or contradiction. It can be
    used to disprove a statement by showing that it would inevitably lead to a ridiculous,
    absurd, or impractical conclusion, or to prove a statement by showing that if it were
    false, then the result would be absurd or impossible.

    ● Entailment - where one fact leads to another in reasoning.


    ● Validity: An argument is valid if the truth of the premises guarantees (entails) the truth
    of the conclusion.
    ● Validity is not the same as truth, if your premises are true then your conclusion can’t
    be false, however the argument can be invalid.
    ● Deductive soundness: Validity + all premises are true
    ● Deductive and inductive arguments might contradict each other.
    ● Interlocutors - People participating in a dialogue, debate or conversation.
    ● One can accept an argument or form a counterargument
    ● Socratic method - Learning through a dialectic exchange of ideas, rather than
    passive transmission of information.

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