English As An International Language

ENGLISH AS AN
INTERNATIONAL
LANGUAGE
K EY LINGUISTIC
CONCEPTS
MEMBER
OF GRUP
HIDAYAT Andi Ahmad Ahkam
Native variety, Nativised varieties
and Lingua franca Englishes
Native Variety
A native variety of English is one that is spoken as the first language by

people in a country where English is the primary language. These
varieties develop naturally over time within these communities.
Examples include:
• American English: The variety spoken in the United States, with its
own distinct accent, vocabulary, and grammatical features.
• British English: The variety spoken in the United Kingdom, which
itself includes multiple sub-varieties such as Received Pronunciation
(RP), Cockney, and Scottish English.
• Australian English: The variety spoken in Australia, characterized by
its unique accent, slang, and some differences in spelling and
grammar from other native varieties.
Nativised Varieties
Nativised varieties of English emerge in regions where English is not the

first language for most of the population but has been adopted and
adapted as a second language or an official language. These varieties
incorporate local linguistic elements and cultural contexts, leading to
unique features. Examples include:
• Indian English: English as spoken in India, which includes

influences from Hindi and other Indian languages, as well as unique
idioms and usage patterns.
• Nigerian English: English in Nigeria, which blends English with
Nigerian languages and cultural expressions, resulting in distinct
phonological, syntactic, and lexical characteristics.
• Singaporean English (Singlish): A creole influenced by English,
Malay, Chinese, and Tamil, with unique grammatical structures and
vocabulary.
Lingua Franca Englishes
Lingua franca Englishes refer to varieties of English used as a common

means of communication between speakers of different native languages.
In these contexts, English functions as a tool for international
communication rather than reflecting the linguistic characteristics of any
one group of native speakers. Examples include:
• English as a Lingua Franca (ELF): Used in international business,

diplomacy, and academia. ELF focuses on mutual intelligibility and
effective communication rather than adherence to native speaker
norms.
• Global English: English used in global media, internet
communication, and multinational organizations. It often involves
simplified grammar and vocabulary to accommodate speakers from
diverse linguistic backgrounds.
Native speaker and Non-Native speaker
Swales (1993) argued that it no longer makes sense to distinguish between native and non-native speakers. White and Genesee (1996) have provided
evidence that indicates that native speakers' linguistic abilities are indistinguishable from native-speakers' language abilities. Medgyes, on the other
hand, affirmed that 'native-speaking English teachers and non-native English speakers are two distinct species' (1994:27).
Native speaker Non-Native speaker

A native speaker is someone who learns and uses a particular language as their first A non-native speaker is someone who learns and uses a second or additional language
language from birth, thus possessing a natural mastery, fluency, and in-depth after their first language, usually through formal education or experience in the language
understanding of grammar, vocabulary, and related cultural nuances. They speak with environment. They do not have a natural mastery like native speakers, so they often rely
natural intonation and rhythm and are able to use language creatively. In language on the grammar rules learned and have variations in the level of fluency as well as
learning, native speakers are often the ideal model because they provide authentic pronunciation. Non-national speakers can nevertheless a high level of flexibility through
examples of language usage and cultural understanding, which is essential for effective sufficient practice and exposure to the language.
communication.
The Funftion of Language and the
‘Identity-Comunication Continuum’
The relationship between function and multiplication can be represented in a continuum

that represents two language functions, called 'identity communication continuum'
(Kirkpatrick, 2006c). I call one end of this continuum 'communication' because being
understandable and conveying your meanings is the most important aspect of the
communicative function. Wider and informal variations or lists specific to jobs and classes
tend to be more suitable to indicate identity.
Pidgins, Creoles, and Varieties of
English
Pidgin is a language that emerges as a means of
communication between groups that do not have The variation of English refers to the various forms
the same language. It usually develops in situations and variations of English used throughout the
where people from different language backgrounds world. This variation covers geographical, social,
need to communicate, such as in the context of and situation variations influenced by factors such
trade, colonization, or migration. as location, culture, and context of usage.
Creole is the language that evolved from a pidgin

when the pidgin became the mother tongue of a
community. This process involves expanding
grammar, vocabulary, and functionality so that the
language can meet all the communication needs of
Geographical diagram This includes English variations based on geographical regions.
its speaker. Creole has a more complex and rich British English (BrE): A variety used in the United Kingdom, including sub-varieties such as Received Pronunciation (RP), Cockney,
structure than pidgin, and is widely used in various and Scouse.
aspects of everyday life.

This variation covers English differences based on social groups and classes.
Sociolects: A variation of the language used by a particular social group, such as working class English or middle class English.
This variation includes the use of English in a particular context or situation.

Formal English: Used in formal and professional situations, such as in official documents, speeches, and business presentations.
Informal English is used in relaxed and everyday situations, like conversations between friends or family.
Linguistic Prejudice
Types of Linguistic Prejudice Linguistic Prejudice Example
Accents and Dialects: Discrimination against Regional accents: Someone with a Cockney accent in the UK may
someone because of their accents or dialects, often be neglected for managerial positions because their accents are
considering certain accents as "less educated" or considered less sophisticated.
"less professional."
Languages and Immigration: Immigrants who speak their mother
Foreign languages: Negative treatment of people tongue in public may be underestimated or told to "speak the local
who speak a foreign language or use their mother language."
tongue in an environment dominated by other
Ethnic dialects: Speakers of African American Vernacular English
languages.
(AAVE) may face negative stereotypes related to intelligence or
professional ability.
Definition of Linguistic Prejudice
Linguistic prejudice is a negative attitude,

discrimination, or stereotype directed against a
person or group of people based on the language or
the way they speak
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ENGLISH AS AN

A native variety of English is one that is spoken as the first language by

Nativised varieties of English emerge in regions where English is not the

• Indian English: English as spoken in India, which includes

Lingua franca Englishes refer to varieties of English used as a common

• English as a Lingua Franca (ELF): Used in international business,

Native speaker Non-Native speaker

The relationship between function and multiplication can be represented in a continuum

Creole is the language that evolved from a pidgin

aspects of everyday life.

This variation includes the use of English in a particular context or situation.

Definition of Linguistic Prejudice

Linguistic prejudice is a negative attitude,

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