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    Reasoning and Argument

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    Nathalie Getino
    The document discusses reasoning and arguments. It defines reasoning and the difference between inductive and deductive reasoning. It also defines the key elements of an argument including premises and conclusions. It discusses how to assess the worth of an argument by considering the truth of the premises and the validity or correctness of the reasoning.

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    Reasoning and Argument

    Uploaded by

    Nathalie Getino
    8 views12 pages
    The document discusses reasoning and arguments. It defines reasoning and the difference between inductive and deductive reasoning. It also defines the key elements of an argument including premises and conclusions. It discusses how to assess the worth of an argument by considering the truth of the premises and the validity or correctness of the reasoning.

    Original Title

    Reasoning-and-Argument

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    The document discusses reasoning and arguments. It defines reasoning and the difference between inductive and deductive reasoning. It also defines the key elements of an argument including premises and conclusions. It discusses how to assess the worth of an argument by considering the truth of the premises and the validity or correctness of the reasoning.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    8 views12 pages

    Reasoning and Argument

    Uploaded by

    Nathalie Getino
    The document discusses reasoning and arguments. It defines reasoning and the difference between inductive and deductive reasoning. It also defines the key elements of an argument including premises and conclusions. It discusses how to assess the worth of an argument by considering the truth of the premises and the validity or correctness of the reasoning.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 12

    Reasoning and Argument

     Learning Goals
    1. Define reasoning and argument
    2. Compare inductive and deductive reasoning
    3. Understand the relationship between the premises and
    conclusions of arguments; and
    4. Discuss the two aspects in assessing the worth of an
    argument.
    Nature of Reasoning

     Reasoning is a process by which the mind, unable to


    pronounce upon the agreement or disagreement of two
    ideas, resolves the difficulty and reaches pronouncement
    by bringing in a third idea which it knows in relation to
    the first two.
    Method of Reasoning

    1. Inductive reasoning involves


    proceeding from individual or particular
    data to a whether or universal conclusion.
     Deductive Reasoning entails proceeding
    from universal data to a particular and
    individual conclusion.
    Nature of Arguments
     In the study of logic and critical thinking, an argument is
    group of truth-claims of which one (called the conclusion)
    is supported by others (called premises), which are
    intended or understood to provide support (evidence) for
    that one truth-claim. Logicians use the terms proposition,
    statement, and assertion when referring to truth-claims.
    Elements of an Arguments

     The basic elements of an argument are


    the premises and conclusion.
    Premises are support statements. They usually
    flagged by indicators such as these:
     Since as indicated by
     Because the reason is that
     For for the reason that
     Whereas may be inferred from
     As may be derived from
     Follows from may be deduced from
     As shown by In view of the fact that
     Inasmuch as as evidenced by
    2. Conclusion is the statement being supported .
    It is usually flagged by indicators such as:
    Therefore if follows that
    hence we may infer
    thus I conclude
    so which shows that
    accordingly which means that
    In consequence which entails that
    Proves that which allows us to infer
    As a result which points to the conclusion that
    Note Bene:

     The presence of conclusion- and


    premise- indicators often, though not
    always, signals that what follows is
    either the conclusion or a premise of an
    argument.
    Properties of Arguments

     To assess the worth of an argument , only two


    aspects need to be considered, viz, the truth of the
    premises and correctness (or validity or soundness)
    of the reasoning from the premises up to the
    conclusion
    Only deductive arguments may be assessed as valid or invalid.
    Inductive arguments are assessed as strong (or weak) and correct (or
    incorrect), but not as valid or invalid.

     Thus, it is important to consider the following points.


     1. Truth: a property of proposition and not of arguments. If a
    proposition is true, it is labeled as “true”.
     2. Validity: a property of deductive arguments and not of
    propositions ( and not of inductive arguments). If a deductive
    argument has a good structure, it is termed “correct” or “strong”
    (and not a ‘valid” or “true”)
     3. Soundness: a property of deductive arguments . A deductive
    argument is “sound” when it is valid and all its propositions are true.

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