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    Nano and Gene Therapy Report

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    Princess Warrior

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Nano and Gene Therapy Report

    Uploaded by

    Princess Warrior
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    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    3 views17 pages

    Nano and Gene Therapy Report

    Uploaded by

    Princess Warrior

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 17

    Nanoscale

    How to view nanomaterials


    TO VIEW EXTREMELY SMALL NANOMATERIALS,
    SCIENTISTS USE SPECIAL MICROSCOPES. IN THE
    1930S, THEY USED ELECTRON AND FIELD
    MICROSCOPES. TODAY, THERE ARE ADVANCED
    MICROSCOPES LIKE THE SCANNING TUNNELING
    MICROSCOPE AND ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPE
    THAT ALLOW US TO SEE NANOMATERIALS IN
    GREAT DETAIL.
    1.) Electron microscope
    the electron microscope, invented by German
    engineers Ernst Ruska and Max Knoll in the
    1930s, uses a beam of electrons to illuminate a
    specimen and produce highly magnified
    images. Electron microscopes have higher
    resolution and can magnify objects up to a
    million times, compared to conventional light
    microscopes that can only magnify objects up
    to 1500 times. There are two general types of
    electron microscopes: scanning electron
    microscope (SEM) and transmission electron
    microscope (TEM).
    2.) Atomic force microscope

    The atomic force microscope (AFM)


    was developed in 1986 by Gerd Binig,
    Calvin Quate, and Christoph Gerber. It
    uses a mechanical probe to collect
    information from the surface of a
    material.
    3.) Scanning tunneling microscope
    ⁸
    You the scanning tunneling
    microscope (STM) allows
    scientists to observe and
    manipulate nanoscale
    particles, atoms, and small
    molecules. In 1986, Gerd Binig
    and Heinrich Rohrer were
    awarded the Nobel Prize in
    Physics for their contributions
    to the invention of the
    scanning tunneling
    microscope.
    CHAPTER 10: THE
    ASPECTS OF GENE
    THERAPY
    The process of gene therapy
    The basic process
    involves various approaches,
    as outlined by Fliester in 2017.
    These approaches include
    replacing a mutated gene
    causing a disease with a
    healthy copy, inactivating a
    malfunctioning gene, and
    introducing a new gene to
    combat a specific illness.
     Gene therapy aims to address diseases at their core by
    correcting abnormal genes associated with specific conditions.
    Two types of There are two main forms of gene therapy:

    gene therapy  somatic gene therapy


     germ-line gene therapy.
     Somatic gene therapy focuses on manipulating genes in cells
    that benefit the patient without being passed on to future
    generations.
     In contrast, germ-line gene therapy involves genetic
    modifications of germ cells or origin cells that can transmit
    the changes to the next generation. These distinct approaches
    offer targeted solutions for treating genetic disorders while
    considering implications for heredity and future generations.
     Somatic gene therapy focuses on manipulating
    genes in cells that benefit the patient without
    being passed on to future generations.
     In contrast, germ-line gene therapy involves
    genetic modifications of germ cells or origin
    cells that can transmit the changes to the next
    generation. These distinct approaches offer
    targeted solutions for treating genetic
    disorders while considering implications for
    heredity and future generations.
     Stem cells are versatile cells with the potential to
    develop into various cell types in the body. They can
    self-renew and differentiate into cells of the blood,
    heart, bones, skin, muscles, brain, and more. Stem
    cells can be derived from different sources,
    STEM CELL including embryonic stem cells from early human
    embryos and somatic stem cells found in various
    GENE tissues throughout the body. Somatic stem cells can
    remain dormant for extended periods until activated
    THERAPY by disease or injury, after which they can divide and
    generate different cell types. While somatic stem
    cells were initially believed to have limited
    differentiation capabilities, there is some evidence
    suggesting they can develop into other cell types as
    well.
    Stem cells are derived from different
    sources. Two of which are embryonic
    and somatic
    stem cells.
    The bioethics of Gene therapy
     Gene therapy raises significant ethical
    concerns, including the distinction between
    beneficial and harmful applications, the
    determination of what traits are considered
    normal versus disabilities, and the potential
    exclusivity of gene therapy due to high costs.
    Additionally, there are worries that
    widespread gene therapy usage could lead to
    societal discrimination against those who are
    different.
     The debate extends to germline therapy,
    which involves modifying germ cells to
    pass genetic changes to future
    generations, raising questions about the
    impact on unborn children and future
    generations.
    The ethical dilemmas surrounding
    gene therapy also encompass issues
    of authority in deciding which
    human traits should be altered and
    concerns about discrimination
    against those who may not have
    access to or choose not to undergo
    gene therapy.

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