MID T E R MS

LIE DETECTION
TECHNIQUES
CHAPTER 4
PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF POLYGRAPHY
 EMOTION
Th e word e mo t i o n d a t e s ba ck t o 1579, whe n
i t was ada p t e d fro m t h e Fre nch word
e mouvoi r, wh i c h me a n s “t o st i r fro m u p”
It i s defi n e d a s a n a g i t a t i on, di st urba nce or
t u mul t uou s p h y si c a l o r soc i a l move ment
c o nst i t ut i n g a d e p a rt u re from t he c al m st at e
o f t he org a n i sm a s i n c l u des st rong feel i ng ,
a n d i mpul se t o o v e rt a c t i on and i nt erna l
b odi l y ch a n g e s i n re sp i ra t i on, c i rcul at i on
a n d gra nu l a r re a c t i o n .
B a se d on re se a rc h Pa u l Ek man cl assi fi e d t he
si x basi c e mo t i o n s: a n g e r, di sgust , fe ar,
h a ppi ne ss, sa d n e ss a n d surpri se.
 1 FEAR
An e m otiona l re s p ons e to s pe c ific da nge r tha t
a ppe a rs to be yond a p e rs on de fe ns ive pow e r.

2 STIM U LU S
A forc e of e m otio n re a c hing the orga nis m a nd e xc ite
de c e ptors . In s hort is a forc e tha t a rous e s the orga nis m
of a ny pa rt to a c tivity.
3 D ECEP TI O N
An a c t of de c e iving or mis le a ding us ua lly
a c c om pa n ie d by Lying.

4 D ETECTIO N
An a c t of dis c ove ry e xis te nc e pre s s ure or fa c t of
s ome thing hidde n or obs c ure .
5 LYIN G
A n uttering or conveying fals ehood or cr eating a
false s tatement.
 THE FOUNDATION OF
POLYGRAPH TECHNIQUE

THEORY AND CONCEPT

The Polygraph tec hnique uses the principle that the bodily
functions of a person are influenced by his mental state.
Tellin g a l i e i s u s u a l l y a n e mo t i o n a l e x p e ri e n c e . A c o n s c i o u s
act o f ly in g c a u s e s c o n fl i c t i n t h e mi n d o f t h e e x a mi n e e ,
wh ich p ro d u c e s a n e mo t i o n o f fe a r o r a n x i e t y, ma n i fe s t e d b y
flu ct u atio n s i n p u l s e ra t e , b l o o d p re s s u re , b re a t h i n g , a n d
p ersp i ratio n
 TYPES OF LIE
1. Direct De n i a l - a l i e that result s to emoti on a l d i s t u rb a n c e . Th e
di s t u rbance i s c a u s e d by confli ct of a person’s c on s c i e n c e a n d h i s
att e mpt t o d e c e i v e .
2 . Li e of Omi s s i o n - t h e t ype of li e commonl y use d be c a u s e i t i s e a s y
t o t e l l . The a c t o f t e l l i n g what t ranspi red but omi t t i n g d e t a i l s t h a t a re
i nc ri mi nat i n g .
3. Li e of Ex a g g e ra t i o n - t he t ype of li e used by a p e rs o n wh o o v e rp l a y s
wh a t actual l y h a p p e n e d .
4 . Li e of Mi n i mi z a t i on- i nvol ves accept ance o f a p e rs o n t h a t
so me t hi ng h a p p e n e d b u t downplays the i mpl i cati o n o r s e ri o u s n e s s o f
t he o ffense.
5. Fabri cat e d Li e - a l s o cal l ed li e of fabri cat i on . Th i s i s t h e mo s t
di ffi c ul t t yp e o f l i e t h a t a subject coul d use i n an i n t e rv i e w.
 KINDS OF LIES
1. B e nign or W hite Lie - Use d to ma inta in ha rmony of
frie nds hip, ha rm ony of the home or office .
2. R e d Lie - s om e tim es c alle d misinforma tion is a lie in the
form of inform a tion tha t is see mingly va lua ble but is
inte nde d to de s troy a politica l belie f or ideology. R ed Lie
is be tte r known in politics a s propa ganda .
3. Ma lic ious Lie - A chronic lie use to misle ad justic e
 TYPES OF LIAR
1. Pa ni c l ia r- On e wh o l i es i n order t o avoi d t h e c o n s e q u e n c e o f
confe ssion. He o r s h e i s afraid of embarrassment t o l o v e o n e s a n d i s a
s eri o us bl ow t o h i s or h e r ego.
2. Oc cupat i o n a l Li a r- Is someone who has l i ed for y e a rs . Th i s p e rs o n
i s a p ract i cal l i a r a nd l i e s when i t has a hi gher pay -o ff t h a n t e l l i ng t he
t ru t h .
3. To urname n t Li a r - One who l oves t o l ie and i s e x c i t e d b y t h e
cha l l e nges o f n o t b e i n g det ect ed. He vi ews an in t e rv i e w a s a n o t he r
cont e st and wa n t s t o wi n. He l i es because it i s t h e o n l y we a p o n
rema i ni ng wi t h wh i c h t o fi ght . Thi s person convi ct e d b u t wi l l n o t g i v e
anyo ne t he s a t i s fa c t i o n of heari ng hi m or her to c o n fe s s . He wa n t s
peop l e t o bel i e ve t h a t t h e l aw i s puni shi ng an i nnoc e n t p e rs o n .
 TYPES OF LIAR
4. Et hnologi c a l Li a r- I s one who i s t aught not t o b e a s q u e a l e r. Th i s
pers o n l oves t o i n t e rro g at e to be int errogated and h a s t a k e n a c re e d
eit h e r person a l o r wi t h ot hers, t hat he or she wi l l n e v e r re v e a l t h e
t ru t h , t he cre e d o f u n d e rworl d gangs.
5. Ps ychopat h i c Li a r- Th i s person has no conscien c e . He or s h e s h o ws
no re gret for h i s d i s h o n est acti ons and no manifest a t i o n o f g u i l t . Th i s
i s t h e most d i ffi c u l t t yp e of li ar because he i s a goo d a c t o r.
6. Pa t hol ogic a l Li a r- Th i s person who cannot di st i ng u i s h wh a t i s ri g h t
fro m wrong. Th e s e a re t h ose persons who are ment a l l y s i c k .
7. Bl ack Li a r- o n e wh o enjoys pret ending. A l iar o f t h i s t y p e i s a l s o
kno wn as hy p o c ri t e .
Myt h oma n i a - It i s t h e condi t i on whe re t here i s an e xcessi ve or ab normal
pro p e n si t y for l y i n g a n d e x a g gera t i ng.
 SIGNS OF LYING
VE R BA L CLUE S
Verbal clues to deception to deception include not only the spoken
w ord, but als o ges tures of acknow ledgment, s uch as nod of the head.
When a deceptive pe rs on avoids a truthf ul answ er by supplying
evasive ans w er, he or s he does s o as a n attempt to reduce the inner
conflict created by not telling the truth
a. Methods of r es ponding to the ques tion- many clues to deception can be
found in the w ay the res pondent ans w er the ques tion. Truthful people tend to
be direct; untruthful people tend to be cir cums pe ct about the ans wer.
b. Length of time befor e giving res pons e - in gener al, truthful persons answ er
question quickly; untruthf ul pe rs ons take their time in giving response. There
may be an aw kw ar d s ilence, or the res pondent may us e a delaying tactic,
s uch as “who me?” or “w hy s hould I do”.
 SIGNS OF LYING
c . Re p e titio n o f q u e sti o n - r e p e a tin g th e q u e stio n is a n o t h e r m e a n s f o r th e
d e c e iv e r to g a in ti m e to fr a m e h is o r h e r a n swe r. T h e q u e st io n m a y b e
r e p e a te d v e r b a t im , o r t h e r e sp o n d e n t m a y f ra m e t h e a n sw e r w it h a
r e q u e st th e q u e st io n . E x a m p le ; “ wh a t d id y o u sa y a g a in ? O r a r e y o u
a sk in g m e if I to o k K i c k b a c k s? A tr u th fu l su b je c t d o e s n o t h a v e to
c o n te m p la te h is o r h e r a n sw e r.
d . Fr a g m e n t e d o r in c o m p le te se n te n c e s- a lia r w il l o f te n sp e a k in
f ra g m e n te d o r i n c o m p le t e se n te n c e s. T h is is u su a ll y b e c a u se h e o r sh e
h a s c o m m e n c e d th e a n sw e r, a n d th e n th o u g h t b e tt e r o f i t. St a te m e n ts
su c h a s “ I . . . I . . . c a n ’t th in k .. it se e m s to m e ... c a n b e c l u e s o f l y i n g .
 SIGNS OF LYING

e . Be in g o v e r l y p o l it e - m o st p e o p le , wh e n wr o n g ly a c c u se d o f so m e th in g
th e y d id n ’t d o , d o n ’t ta k e th e a c c u sa tio n lig h tly. A n g e r is a c o m m o n
r e sp o n se to a n u n j u st a c c u sa tio n , a s w e ll a s a n swe r in g t h e sta t e m e n t w it h
a “ n o ” . U n tr u t h f u l su b j e c ts a r e m o r e lik e ly to b e p o l it e t o t h e a c c u se r,
u sin g f la tte r in g t e r m s su c h a s “ sir ” o r “ m a a m ” . T h e su sp e c t w h o h a s
b e e n a c c u se d a n d is u n tr u th f u l will o f te n sa y, “ sir, n o o ff e n se t o y o u , b u t
I d id n ’t d o it ” .
f . Oa th s- u n tr u t h f u l p e r so n s w ill fr e q u e n tly r e c ite o a th s, su c h a s “ I
swe a r to G o d I d id n ’t d o it” o r “ I swe a r o n m y Fa th e r s g r a v e ” . M o st
tru th f u l p e r so n d o n o t n e e d to swe a r o r a ff ir m ; th e y a r e v e h e m e n t i n
th e ir d e n ia ls.
 SIGNS OF LYING
g . Cla rity o f r e sp o n se - tru th f u l p e r so n s te n d to b e v e r y c l e a r in th e i r
r e sp o n se , w h il e u n t r u th f u l p e r so n s te n d to m u m b l e , ta l k so f tl y, a n d
d iff u se th e ir a n sw e r s. Su c h r e sp o n se s a r e to a v o id th e st r e ss c a u se d b y
a n u n tr u th fu l r e sp o n se ; th e lia r is h e d g in g . I n th a t w a y, i f c a u g h t i n a
lie , th e e a rlie r “ so f t” r e sp o n se m a y a id in d iffu sin g t h e l ie .
h . Use o f w o r d s- t r u t h f u l su b je c t h a v e n o tro u b le d e n y in g th e a ll e g a ti o n
in sp e c if ic te r m s, w h il e u n tr u th f u l o n e will h a v e p r o b le m s w i th th e
wo rd in g u se d .
i. A sse r tiv e n e ss- t r u th f u l p e o p le w ill r e sp o n d d ire c t ly w i th o u t w a iv e r o r
q u a lif ic a tio n ; u n tr u t h f u l p e o p le te n d to re sp o n d in d ir e c tl y w it h w a iv e r s
a n d q u a lific a ti o n .
 SIGNS OF LYING
j. I n c o n siste n c ie s- l i a r s g e t c a u g h t u p in th e ir o w n w e b o f d e c e i t.
k . Slip s o f th e to n g u e - L ia rs, a s Fr e u d d isc o v e re d , q u it e o f te n sl ip u p
a n d re v e a l th e m se lv e s t h r o u g h a “ slip o f th e to n g u e ”
l . Tir a d e s- m a y b e in d ir e c t p r o p o r tio n to th e stre ss g e n e r a te d in th e li e ,
a n d o c c u r a t a ti m e o f a n g e r o r o th e r stro n g e m o tio n .
m . Pa u se s- p a u se s in sp e e c h p a tte r n s m a y b e o n e o f t h e m o r e r e li a b le
c lu e s to d e c e p ti o n . T h e e x a m in e r sh o u ld e v a lu a te p a u se s in sp e e c h th a t
a r e to o lo n g , to o f r e q u e n t, o r w h ic h o c c u r a t in a p p r o p r i a te p la c e s m o r e
c lo se ly.
n . Sp e e d o f sp e e c h - p e o p le s w h o a r e n e r v o u s o r u p se t f r e q u e n t ly in c r e a se
th e sp e e d o f t h e ir sp e e c h w o rd s te n d to r u n to g e th e r a n d t h e c o n v e r sa t i o n
c a n b e d isjo in t e d . A p a tte r n o f in c re a se d sp e e d o f sp e e c h d u r in g th e
r e le v a n t p o r t io n o f t h e q u e stio n in g c o u ld in d ic a te d e c e p t io n .
 SIGNS OF LYING
NON- VERBAL CLUES
No n - v e r b a l c l u e s a r e c a u se d b y th e sa m e r e a so n t h a t v e r b a l c l u e s
a r e ; in c r e a se d st r e ss. No n - v e rb a l c lu e s in c lu d e p a tt e r n s i n th e b o d y
m o v e m e n t s a s w e l l a s c e rta in f a c ia l e x p r e ssio n s.

a . E m b le m s- a r e e x p r e ssio n s m a d e with th e b o d y, w h o se m e a n in g s a r e
c le a r ly u n d e r sto o d . T h e u n iv e rsa l “ th u m b s u p sig n ” is a n e m b le m , a s
we ll a s th e c ir c le d f in g e r a n d th u m b to in d ic a te o k a y.
b . I llu str a to r s- a r e m o tio n s, p rim a r ily b y th e h a n d s, t o i ll u str a te a
p o in t ja b b i n g y o u r f in g e r in th e a ir.
 SIGNS OF LYING

c . M a n ip u l a to r s- a r e m o stly h a b itu a l b e h a v io u r o f t o u c h i n g o n e ’s
se lf . M a n if e st a ti o n s i n c lu d e g r o o m in g th e h a ir, w r in g in g th e h a n d s,
p ic k in g im a g i n a r y li n t f ro m a c o a t.
d . Br e a th i n g - a lt h o u g h a n in v o lu n ta r y m o v e m e n t , i s v e r y m u c h
a ff e c te d b y st r e ss. M a n y p e r so n s, u n d e r p ro lo n g e d p e r i o d s o f st r e ss,
h y p e r v e n til a te .
e . Swe a tin g - e x c e ssi v e swe a tin g c o u ld b e v e r y w e l l in d i c a te a n
in v o lu n ta r y r e f le x w i th d e c e p tio n .
f . Fre q u e n t Sw a ll o w i n g - a d r y m o u th fr e q u e n tly a c c o m p a n i e s d e e p
e m o tio n . O f te n th e w itn e ss is n o t a wa r e o f in c r e a se d e ff o r ts a
swa llo w in g .
 MID T E R MS

LIE DETECTION
TECHNIQUES
CHAPTER 5
PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF POLYGRAPHY
 PHYSIOLOGY
Th e scien c e o f t h e me c h a n i c a l , p h y s i c a l , b i o e l e c t ri c a l a n d
b io ch emi ca l fu n c t i o n s o f h u ma n s i n g o o d h e a l t h , t h e i r o rg a n s ,
an d t h e cel l s o f w h i c h t h e y a re c o mp o s e d .
In sh o rt, st u d y o f h u ma n b o d y.

PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY

Th e stu d y o f t h e re l a t i o n s h i p o r t h e e ffe c t o f t h e mi n d t o t h e
b o d y.
 HUMAN BODY SYSTEM
1 . Ne r v o u s Sy st e m / N e u r o lo g ic a l sy ste m - “ Ac tiv a t o r o f t h e b o d y
sy ste m ”
1 . CE N T RA L NE RVO US SYST E M - it c o n si st o f th e b r a i n
( Ch ie f o f St a ff ) a n d sp in a l c o rd . I t is th e p r o c e ssin g a r e a o f
in fo r m a tio n .
2 . PE R I PH E RA L NE RVO US SYST E M- i t is r e sp o n sib l e f o r
p r o v id in g se n so r y in f o r m a tio n to th e c e n tra l n e r v o u s sy ste m a n d c a r r y
m o to r c o m m a n d s o u t t o th e tissu e b o d y.
2 .1 So m a ti c N e rv o u s Sy ste m - c o n tro l v o lu n t a r y c o m m a n d .
2 .2 A u to n o m ic Ne r v o u s Sy ste m - w h ic h a c t s a s a
se lf - r e g u la t in g r e sp o n se o f th e b o d y, c o n tr o ls i n v o l u n t a r y m o t o r
c o m m a n d s.
TWO DIVISIONS OF ANS
2.2.1 SY M PATH ETIC N ERV O U S
SY STEM - A .K .A TH E “ FIG H T
O R FLIG H T M EC H A N ISM ”

IN C R EA SES A LERTN ESS,

STIM U LATES TISSU E, AND
PR EPA R ES TH E BODY TO
Q U IC K R ESPO N SE TO
U N U SU A L SITU ATIO N .
 TWO DIVISIONS OF ANS
2.2.2 PAR A SY M PATH ETIC N ERV O U S SY STEM - A .K .A TH E R EST A N D
R EPOSE SYSTEM
IT IS FU N C TIO N A LLY A N TA G O N ISTIC TO TH E SY M PATH ETIC
NERVOUS SY STEM . ITS R O LE IS TO M A IN TA IN TH E H O M EO STA SIS O F
THE B ODY W H IC H IS N EC ESSA RY FO R N O R M A L FU N C TIO N IN G .
THER EFOR E, IT FO LLO W S TH AT W H EN EV ER TH E SY M PATH ETIC
AC TIVATES TH E PA R A SY M PATH ETIC FO LLO W S TO R E- ESTA B LISH
THE C HEM IC A L B A LA N C E O F TH E B O D Y.
2. C IR C U LATO RY SY STEM - R ESPO N SIB LE FO R TH E D ISTR IB U TIO N O F
THE B LO OD
3. R ESPIR ATO RY SY STEM - R ESPO N SIB LE FO R TH E TA K IN G O F A IR
INTO THE LU N G S A N D A LSO EX PELLIN G C A R B O N D IO X ID E
4. EXC R ETO RY SY STEM - EX TER N A L C O V ER IN G O F TH E B O D Y
C ONSISTIN G ESSEN TIALLY O F EPID ER M IS, D ER M IS, A N D TH E
HYPO DER M IS.
 MID T E R MS

LIE DETECTION
TECHNIQUES
CHAPTER 6
POLYGRAPH INSTRUMENTS
1. CARDIO- SPHYGMOGRAPH
It w as des igned to detect changes in the
blood pres s ure and pulse rate of the
s ubject. It is a ls o made up of the
follow ing:

• Bl ood Pressure Cu ff
• Sphygmomano me t e r
• Pump bul b ass e mb l y
• A resonance c o n t ro l u n i t
• A cent eri ng co n t ro l
• A vent
• A recordi ng p e n
 1. CARDIO- SPHYGMOGRAPH
• Blood Pressur e Cuff w hich is attached to the upper r ight ar m
of the subject, slightly above the br achial ar ter y. 
• S phygmomanometer w hich is utilized to indicate the amount of
air pr essur e inflated to the system. 
• P ump bulb assembly w hich inf lates air into the system, also
known as air pump it has a hose connecting the blood pr essur e
cuff through which the blood pr essur e changes and passed into
the recording pen. 
• A resonance control unit is used f or r educing or incr easing the
amount o air pressure to r each the br ass bellow s ( tambour ) and
thus reduce or increase the amplitude of pen excur sions. 
 1. CARDIO- SPHYGMOGRAPH
• A centering control w hich is used to pr ovide adjustment of the
tr acing so that the composite r ecor ds patter ns w ould be on the
guideline. 
• A vent which pr ovides the means by w hich air in the system
can be r eleased. 
• A recor ding pen unit w hich is used to r ecor d the blood pr essur e
pulse rate changes on the char t paper by means of a f ive inch
r ecor ding pen.
2. PNEUMOGRAPH COMPONENT
It is des igned to detect changes in
res piration of the s ubject. Its major
components are the pneumograph chest
as s embly and the r ecording unit.

• Rubber convo l u t e d t u b
• Beaded chain
• The pneumogra p h re c o rd i n g u n i t
 2. PNEUMOGRAPH COMPONENT
• Rubber convoluted tube - w hich is ten inches in length
corr ugated rubber attached to the chest and abdominal ar ea of
the subject. One end of the tube is sealed and the other end is
connected to the instr ument by a r ather thick w alled r ubber
tube consider ably larger in diameter than the pneumogr aph
tube itself, it expands and contr acts as the subject br eathes. 
• T he beaded chain - another component of the pnuemogr aph
assembly is used to f ix in place the r ubber convoluted tube.
3. GALVANOGRAPH COMPONENT:
Its primary f unction is to detect changes
or alterations in s kin resistance of the
s ubject. It is made up of the following
components :

• Fi nger el ect rod e

• Recording pe n u ni t
• Ampl i fier uni t
 3. GALVANOGRAPH COMPONENT:
• Finge r electrode assembly which has a finger electrode
and retainer bond attached to the left index and ring
finge r of the subject. And a connecting plug designed to
fa sten the system to the polygraph machine.
• Rec ording pen unit which is usually 7 inches in length.
• Amplif ier unit which is made to support the
galva nometer in converting electrical to mechanical
curre nt.
 KYMOGRAPH COMPONENT:

I t s pr i m a rily serves as the paper feed mecha ni s m of t he

polygr a ph machine. It is the device that recor ds t he
diffe r ent tracings by driving the paper out unde r a
r ecor di ng pen unit. It pulls or drives the cha r t pa per under
a recor di ng pen unit. It pulls or drives the c har t pape r
unde r a r ecording pen sim ultaneously at the r a t e of 6 t o 12
i nches pe r m inute. The chart m ust travel at a uni f or m
• Fi n g er el ect rode
s peed t o f acilitate valid interpretations.
• Re c ording pen uni t w
• Ampl i fier uni t
 KYMOGRAPH COMPONENT:
• Cha rt Paper is driven past the recoding pen shaft at a
uniform speed six (6) inches per minute. Chart rolls are
approximately 100 ft. Holes spaced ½ inch apart. The
pape r is imprinted with horizontal lines at ¼ inch
in te rval twenty divisions and vertical lines at 1/10 inch
in te rvals with heavy lines at ½ inch divisions across the
pape r which represents five (5) seconds of time
 KYMOGRAPH COMPONENT:
• Pulse rate per minute may be computed by multiplying
th e number of beats counted in one divisions by twelve
(1 2) its major parts are as follows:
Chart which is rolled graph pa per composed of
twelve (12) divisions in sixty (60) seconds run designed to
measur e the rate of various body functions. 
Rubbe r roller which pulls the paper out of the machine. 
Paper rail guide which serves to secure or
ensure the chart paper ’s forward movement without shaking.