CANCER AND ITS

EFFECT IN INDIA
AGE GROUP 30-90
ABSTRACT

Today, cancer is a common household word, each of us is closely associated with at least one near and
dear one, a family member or a friend, a neighbor or a colleague, diagnosed with cancer. In India, there
is also a perception that cancer incidence is on the increase; and a hope that perhaps with the advances
in technology, cancer is diagnosed more frequently may be a change in our attitude and approach, the
myths associated with cancer are vanishing and we are more open to accepting cancer diagnosis and
discussing cancer more openly. Cancer can increase through exposure to cancer causing agents. These
agents may be biological (specific viruses or bacteria), physical (ultraviolet light, x-rays) or chemical. Only
a minor fraction of chemicals cause cancer and these are referred to as ‘carcinogens'. Our environment
is constantly changing. There is no denying that. However, as our environment changes, so does the
need to become increasingly aware of the problems that surround it. So it is important to improve
awareness about breast cancer and a multidisciplinary approach to cancer treatment is essential and
this has to be made available at all Regional Cancer Centers
 INTRODUCTION
 The news comes like a sledgehammer into the stomach: “I’m sorry to tell you, but you have cancer”.
Every year, lakhs of Indians are devastated by news of cancer. On an average, more than 1,300 Indians
succumb to the dreaded disease every day. With new cancer cases or its incidence in India estimated
to grow by 25% by 2020 (according to the cancer registry released by the Indian Council of Medical
Research), cancer has become one of the major causes of death occurring in the country. Cancer is
now the leading cause of catastrophic health spending, distress financing, and increasing expenditure
before death in India. Cancers are caused by mutations that may be inherited, induced by
environmental factors, or result from DNA replication errors. Aging is the main risk factor for
carcinogenesis in multicellular animal organisms including humans. With time new techniques come
for the diagnosis and the treatment of cancer. We can lower the risk of getting cancer by taking
proper precautions like quitting smoking, alcohol, weeds, meat, exposure to sunrays and x rays.
Government also tries to lower the expense of cancer treatment and medicines in India.
 CANCER
 Cancer is a disease in which some of the body’s cells grow uncontrollably and spread to other parts of the body.
When cells grow old or become damaged, they die, and new cells take their place . Sometimes this orderly process
breaks down, and abnormal or damaged cells grow and multiply when they shouldn’t. These cells may form tumors,
which are lumps of tissue. Cancer is a genetic disease—that is, it is caused by changes to genes that control the way
our cells function, especially how they grow and divide. A DNA change can cause genes involved in normal cell growth
to become oncogenes. Unlike normal genes, oncogenes cannot be turned off, so that they cause uncontrolled cell
growth.
 CAUSES :
 There are a number of behavioral factors that can lead to genetic mutations and, as a result, lead to the development
of cancer. like chewing Tobacco, Diet (meats), Alcohol, Unsafe sex. Exposure to certain factors in the environment,
such as chemicals like asbestos and benzene, as well as talcum powder, various sources of radiation and hormonal
drugs can also cause cancer. These substances capable of damaging DNA and triggering cancer are referred to as
carcinogens. Theories surrounding bacterial causes of cancer date back over 100 years, put forth by the Father of
Cancer Immunotherapy, Dr. William B. Coley. A person’s behavior and surroundings can expose them to bacteria and
viruses (like Human papillomavirus (HPV),Hepatitis B (HBV) and hepatitis C (HCV) viruses, Epstein–Barr virus
(EBV),Human T- lymphotropic virus ,Helicobacter pylori are known to cause cancer. Old age is also the reason for
TREATMENT AND PREVENTIONS...
 TREATMENT:
 There are many types of cancer treatment. The types of treatment that you receive will depend on the
type of cancer you have and how advanced it is. Biomarker Testing for Cancer Treatment,
Chemotherapy, Hormone Therapy, Immunotherapy to Treat Cancer, Radiation Therapy, Stem Cell
Transplant, Surgery and Targeted Therapy.
 PREVENTIONS:
 various precautions are there such as (1) healthy lifestyles like keeping a healthy weight, healthy diet,
avoiding tobacco, limiting the amount of alcohol you drink, and protecting your skin. (2) Vaccines
(shots) also help lower cancer risk. The human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine helps prevent most
cervical cancers and several other kinds of cancer. The hepatitis B vaccine can help lower liver cancer
risk. (3) Getting screening tests regularly may find breast, cervical, and colorectal (colon) cancers early,
when treatment is likely to work best. Lung cancer screening is recommended for some people who
are at high risk.
Modern India’s cancer burden
 No national registry exists that provides comprehensive cancer incidence or mortality data for
India. However, the National Cancer Registry Programme (NCRP, established by the Indian Council
of Medical Research in 1981) provides population-based data from a selected network of 28
cancer registries located across the country. Under-recording of cancer cases and deaths,
especially among older people, is another problem that reduces accuracy. . Nevertheless, the
aggregated numbers reported through GLOBOCAN are the best available ongoing estimates of the
cancer burden in India.
 As per the summary statistic 2018 report from GLOBOCAN--The number of new cancer cases in
male is 570045, whereas in case of female it is 587249, which on addition happens to be
1157294.On the other side the number of deaths caused by cancer in case of male is 413519
however in case of female it is 371302, which concludes that the total number of deaths from
cancer is 784821.
 Now if we talk about top 5 most frequent cancers-For male - these comprise of lip , oral
cavity ,lung, stomach, Colorectal and Oesophagus. And for female-- it includes breast, cervix
uteri, ovary, lip, oral cavity and Colorectal. while if we talk about the overall average Breast,
Oral, Cervical, Lung AND stomach cancers are the most frequent one.
 similar reports were published by time of india in an article published on Feb. 04 2020. The
report said that "one in 10 Indians will develop cancer during their lifetime, and one in 15
Indians will die of cancer."In India, the six most common cancer types were breast cancer
(162,500 cases), oral cancer (120,000 cases), cervical cancer (97,000 cases), lung cancer (68,000
cases), stomach cancer (57,000 cases), and colorectal cancer (57,000). Together, these account
for 49 per cent of all new cancer cases.
Relation of cancer of age.

 Cancer is a disease which is related with age in varios . Various articles and journal are there which provides
information about this. National Cancer institute published that Advancing age is the most important risk factor
for cancer overall and for many individual cancer types. The incidence rates for cancer overall climb steadily as
age increases, from fewer than 25 cases per 100,000 people in age groups under age 20, to about 350 per
100,000 people among those aged 45–49, to more than 1,000 per 100,000 people in age groups 60 years and
older. Also in 2017 TIMES OF INDIA published that An estimated 71 per cent of all cancer related deaths are
occurring in the age group between 30 to 69 years. According to the most recent statistical data from NCI’s
Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program, the median age of a cancer diagnosis is 66 years.
This means that half of cancer cases occur in people below this age and half in people above this age.
 pattern is seen for many common cancer types. For example, the median age at diagnosis is 62 years for breast
cancer, 67 years for colorectal cancer, 71 years for lung cancer, and 66 years for prostate cancer.But cancer can
be diagnosed at any age. For example, bone cancer is most frequently diagnosed in children and adolescents
(people under age 20), with about one-fourth of cases occurring in this age group. And 12% of brain and other
nervous system cancers are diagnosed in children and adolescents, whereas only 1% of cancer overall is
diagnosed in this age group.
Effect Of Cancer On Family and The Economic Burden
 Cancer and its treatments result in the loss of economic resources and opportunities for patients , family,
employers, and society. These losses include financial loss , morbidity , reduced quality of life , and
premature deaths.
 The 40% of cancer hospitalization cases is financed mainly through borrowings, sale of assests and
contributions from friends and relatives. 60% of the households will seek care from the private sector
incur of pocket expenditure in excess of 20% of their annual per capita expenditure. It is suggested that
universal cancer care insurance should be envisaged and combined with existing accident and life
insurance policies for the poorer sections in India. In concluding, we call for polices to improve cancer
survivorship through effective prevention and early detection. In particular, greater public health
investments in infrastructure, human resources and quality of care deserve priority attention.
 The effects of cancer on your relationships with friends and family members vary widely, based on the
closeness of each relationship.. It effects marriage and other long-term partnerships. After a cancer
diagnosis, both individuals may experience sadness, anxiety, anger, or even hopelessness. It effects
children's behavior as they got confused, fear, protective towards parents.
CONCLUSION
 Regular health checkup leads to pre-diagnosis of cancer. if cancer is detected in its early stages, it
can be treated and an individual can lead a healthy life. Also, advances in treatment and awareness
of symptoms mean that 85 per cent of those diagnosed live beyond five years. From the sources and
literature it is concluded that breast cancer and lung cancer are the major cancers in India.
Government organize various policies to lower the expense for treatment and medicines. Also,
Peoples started to opt. health insurance policy which further lowering the financial burden of the
disease.

 “Awareness today will save you from troubles tomorrow. Get yourself screened for early detection
and effective management of #cancers.”
REFRENCES
 https://
timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/health-fitness/health-news/rise-and-prevalence-of-cancer-in-india/articleshow/
56969996.cms
 https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/age
 http://cancerindia.org.in/globocan-2018-india-factsheet/
 https://
timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/one-in-10-indians-will-develop-cancer-during-their-lifetime-who/articleshow/73929
297.cms
 https://geographyandyou.com/government-initiatives-for-cancer-treatment-in-india/
 https://www.cancerresearch.org/en-us/blog/april-2019/what-causes-cancer-risk-factor
 https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/types
 https://www.cdc.gov/cancer/dcpc/prevention/index.htm
THANK YOU FOR YOUR
ATTENTION.

Submitted to:Aleksandre Rostovcev Popieli