CHAPTER

2 Plant Assets, Natural Resources,

and Intangible Assets
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
After studying this chapter, you should be able to:

1. Describe how the historical cost principle applies to plant assets.

2. Explain the concept of depreciation and how to compute it.
3. Distinguish between revenue and capital expenditures, and explain the
entries for each.
4. Explain how to account for the disposal of a plant asset.
5. Compute periodic depletion of extractable natural resources.
6. Explain the basic issues related to accounting for intangible assets.
7. Indicate how plant assets, natural resources, and intangible assets are
reported.
9-1
 Plant Assets
Learning Objective
1
Plant assets are resources that have Describe how the
historical cost principle
 physical substance (a definite size and applies to plant assets.

shape),
 are used in the operations of a business,
 are not intended for sale to customers,
 are expected to provide service to the company for a
number of years.

Referred to as property, plant, and equipment; plant and

equipment; and fixed assets.

9-2 LO 1
 Determining the Cost of Plant Assets

The historical cost principle requires that companies

record plant assets at cost.
Cost consists of all expenditures necessary to acquire
an asset and make it ready for its intended use.

9-3 LO 1
 Determining the Cost of Plant Assets

LAND
All necessary costs incurred in making land ready for its
intended use increase (debit) the Land account.

Costs typically include:

1) cash purchase price,
2) closing costs such as title and attorney’s fees,
3) real estate brokers’ commissions,
4) accrued property taxes and other liens assumed by the
purchaser, and
5) clearing, leveling, demo of existing structures.

9-4 LO 1
 Determining the Cost of Plant Assets

Illustration: Lew Company Ltd. acquires real estate at a cash

cost of HK$2,000,000. The property contains an old
warehouse that is razed at a net cost of HK$60,000
(HK$75,000 in costs less HK$15,000 proceeds from salvaged
materials). Additional expenditures are the attorney’s fee,
HK$10,000, and the real estate broker’s commission,
HK$80,000.
Required: Determine the amount to be reported as the cost of
the land.

9-5 LO 1
 Determining the Cost of Plant Assets

Required: Determine amount to be reported as the cost of

the land.
Land
Cash price of property (HK$2,000,000) HK$2,000,000
Net removal cost of warehouse (HK$60,000) 60,000
Attorney's fees (HK$10,000) 10,000
Real estate broker’s commission (HK$80,000) 80,000
Cost of Land HK$2,150,000

Entry to record the acquisition of the land:

Land 2,150,000
Cash 2,150,000
9-6 LO 1
 Determining the Cost of Plant Assets

LAND IMPROVEMENTS
Includes all expenditures necessary to make the
improvements ready for their intended use. Since land
improvements are additions with limited lives that are made
to land, companies expense (depreciate) the cost of land
improvements over their useful lives.
 Examples: driveways, parking lots, fences, landscaping,
and lighting.
 Limited useful lives.
 Expense (depreciate) the cost of land improvements over
9-7 their useful lives. LO 1
 Determining the Cost of Plant Assets

BUILDINGS
Includes all costs related directly to purchase or construction.
Purchase costs:
 Purchase price, closing costs (attorney’s fees, title
insurance, etc.) and real estate broker’s commission.
 Remodeling and replacing or repairing the roof, floors,
electrical wiring, and plumbing.
Construction costs:
 Contract price plus payments for architects’ fees, building
permits, and excavation costs.
9-8 LO 1
 Determining the Cost of Plant Assets

EQUIPMENT
Include all costs incurred in acquiring the equipment and
preparing it for use.

Costs typically include:

 Cash purchase price.
 Sales taxes.
 Freight charges.
 Insurance during transit paid by the purchaser.
 Expenditures required in assembling, installing, and testing
the unit.
9-9 LO 1
 Determining the Cost of Plant Assets

Illustration: Zhang Company purchases factory machinery at

a cash price of HK$500,000. Related expenditures are for
sales taxes HK$30,000, insurance during shipping HK$5,000,
and installation and testing HK$10,000. Compute the cost of
the machinery.
Machinery
Cash price HK$500,000
Sales taxes 30,000
Insurance during shipping 5,000
Installation and testing 10,000
Cost of Machinery HK$545,000

9-10 LO 1
 Determining the Cost of Plant Assets

Illustration: Zhang Company purchases factory machinery at

a cash price of HK$500,000. Related expenditures are for
sales taxes HK$30,000, insurance during shipping HK$5,000,
and installation and testing HK$10,000. Prepare the journal
entry to record these costs.

Equipment 545,000
Cash 545,000

9-11 LO 1
 Determining the Cost of Plant Assets

Illustration: Huang Company purchases a delivery truck at a

cash price of HK$420,000. Related expenditures are sales
taxes HK$13,200, painting and lettering HK$5,000, motor vehicle
license HK$800, and a three-year accident insurance policy
HK$16,000. Compute the cost of the delivery truck.
Truck
Cash price HK$420,000
Sales taxes 13,200
Painting and lettering 5,000

Cost of Delivery Truck HK$438,200

9-12 LO 1
 Determining the Cost of Plant Assets

Illustration: Huang Company purchases a delivery truck at a

cash price of HK$420,000. Related expenditures are sales
taxes HK$13,200, painting and lettering HK$5,000, motor vehicle
license HK$800, and a three-year accident insurance policy
HK$16,000. Prepare the journal entry to record these costs.

Equipment 438,200
License Expense 800
Prepaid Insurance 16,000
Cash 455,000

9-13 LO 1
 Determining the Cost of Plant Assets
 Unnecessary costs that do not increase the asset’s usefulness
such as mistakes in installation, uninsured theft, damage
during installing and fines for not obtaining proper permits are
recorded as an expense.
To illustrate, assume Kimble Inc. purchased equipment for
$12,000. Freight costs of $600 were incurred to transport the
equipment to the installation site. On site, installation costs of
$1,500 were incurred, including $500 due to an error in
installation. The journal entry to record the equipment is as
follows:
Equipment…….13,600
Cash………….13,600
($12,000 + $600 + $1,500 – $500) =13,600

9-14
 Depreciation
Learning
Objective 2
Process of allocating to expense the cost Explain the concept
of depreciation and
of a plant asset over its useful (service) life how to compute it.

in a rational and systematic manner.

 Process of cost allocation, not asset valuation.
 Applies to land improvements, buildings, and equipment,
not land.
 Depreciable, because the revenue-producing ability of
asset will decline over the asset’s useful life.

9-15 LO 2
 FACTORS IN COMPUTING DEPRECIATION

Illustration 9-6
Three factors in computing depreciation

• HELPFUL HINT
Depreciation expense is reported on the
income statement. Accumulated
depreciation is reported on the balance
sheet as a deduction from plant assets.

9-16 LO 2
 DEPRECIATION METHODS

Management selects the method it believes best measures

an asset’s contribution to revenue over its useful life.
Examples include:
(1) Straight-line method
(2) Units-of-activity method
(3) Declining-balance method
(4) Sum of Years Digit method

9-17 LO 2
 DEPRECIATION METHODS

Illustration: Bob’s Florist purchased a small delivery truck on

January 1, 2017.
Cost €13,000
Expected residual value €1,000
Estimated useful life in years 5
Estimated useful life in miles 100,000

Required: Compute depreciation using the following.

(a) Straight-Line. (b) Units-of-Activity. (c) Declining-Balance. (d)
Sum of years digit

9-18 LO 2
 STRAIGHT-LINE METHOD

 Expense is same amount for each year.

 Depreciable cost = Cost less salvage value.

ILLUSTRATION 9-8
Formula for straight-line method
9-19 LO 2
 STRAIGHT-LINE METHOD
Illustration 9-9
Illustration: Straight-line depreciation
schedule

Depreciable Annual Accum. Book

Year Cost x Rate = Expense Deprec. Value

2017 € 12,000 20% € 2,400 € 2,400 € 10,600

2018 12,000 20 2,400 4,800 8,200
2019 12,000 20 2,400 7,200 5,800
2020 12,000 20 2,400 9,600 3,400
2021 12,000 20 2,400 12,000 1,000

2017 Depreciation Expense 2,400

Journal
Accumulated Depreciation 2,400
Entry

9-20 LO 2
 STRAIGHT-LINE METHOD Partial
Year
Illustration:

Assume the delivery truck was purchased on April 1, 2017.

Current
Depreciable Annual Partial Year Accum.
Year Cost Rate Expense Year Expense Deprec.
2017 € 12,000 x 20% = € 2,400 x 9/12 = € 1,800 € 1,800
2018 12,000 x 20% = 2,400 2,400 4,200
2019 12,000 x 20% = 2,400 2,400 6,600
2020 12,000 x 20% = 2,400 2,400 9,000
2021 12,000 x 20% = 2,400 2,400 11,400
2022 12,000 x 20% = 2,400 x 3/12 = 600 12,000
€ 12,000
Journal entry:
2017 Depreciation Expense 1,800
Accumulated Depreciation 1,800
9-21 LO 2
 UNITS-OF-ACTIVITY METHOD

 Companies estimate total units of activity to calculate

depreciation cost per unit.
 Expense varies based on units of activity.
 Depreciable cost is cost less residual value.
Illustration 9-10
Formula for units-of-
activity method

9-22 LO 2
 UNITS-OF-ACTIVITY METHOD
Illustration 9-11
Illustration: Units-of-activity depreciation
schedule

Units of Cost per Annual Accum. Book

Year Activity x Unit = Expense Deprec. Value
2017 15,000 € 0.12 € 1,800 € 1,800 € 11,200
2018 30,000 0.12 3,600 5,400 7,600
2019 20,000 0.12 2,400 7,800 5,200
2020 25,000 0.12 3,000 10,800 2,200
2021 10,000 0.12 1,200 12,000 1,000

2017 Depreciation Expense 1,800

Journal
Accumulated Depreciation 1,800
Entry

9-23 LO 2
 DECLINING-BALANCE METHOD

 Accelerated method.
 Decreasing annual depreciation expense over the asset’s
useful life.
 Twice the straight-line rate with Double-Declining-Balance.
 Rate applied to book value.

Illustration 9-12
Formula for declining-balance method

9-24 LO 2
 DECLINING-BALANCE METHOD
Illustration 9-13
Illustration: Double-declining-balance
depreciation schedule
Declining
Beginning Balance Annual Accum. Book
Year Book value x Rate = Expense Deprec. Value

2017 € 13,000 40% € 5,200 € 5,200 € 7,800

2018 7,800 40 3,120 8,320 4,680
2019 4,680 40 1,872 10,192 2,808
2020 2,808 40 1,123 11,315 1,685
2021 1,685 40 685* 12,000 1,000

2017 Depreciation Expense 5,200

Journal
Accumulated Depreciation 5,200
Entry

9-25 * Computation of €674 (€1,685 x 40%) is adjusted to €685. LO 2

 DECLINING-BALANCE METHOD Partial
Year
Illustration:
Declining Current
Beginning Balance Annual Partial Year Accum.
Year Book Value Rate Expense Year Expense Deprec.
2017 € 13,000 x 40% = € 5,200 x 9/12 = € 3,900 € 3,900
2018 9,100 x 40% = 3,640 3,640 7,540
2019 5,460 x 40% = 2,184 2,184 9,724
2020 3,276 x 40% = 1,310 1,310 11,034
2021 1,966 x 40% = 786 786 11,820
2022 1,180 x 40% = 472 Plug 180 12,000
€ 12,000
Journal entry:

2017 Depreciation Expense 3,900

Accumulated Depreciation 3,900

9-26 LO 2
 Sum of Years’ Digits (SYD)
 Under the SYD method, depreciation is determined by the use of
annual fraction whose denominator is the sum of the digit that
constitute the life of the asset and the numerator is the digits in
reverse.
 To determine depreciation expense under SYD, the depreciable cost
is multiplied by the fraction.
 To determine the denominator of the fraction use where N is
number of years

year Depreciable fraction Depreciation Accumulated Ending

cost depreciation book value

2017 12,000 5/15 4,000 4,000 9,000

2018 12,000 4/15 3,200 7,200 5,800
2019 12,000 3/15 2,400 9,600 3,400
2020 12,000 2/25 1,600 11,200 1,800
2021 12,000 1/15 800 12,000 1,000
9-27
 Sum of Years’ Digits (SYD) Partial
Year
Assume the delivery truck was purchased on April 1, 2017.
year Depreciable fraction Partial Depreciation Accumulated Ending
cost year depreciation book value
2017 12,000 5/15 9/12 3,000 3,000 10,000
2018 12,000 5/15 3/12 1,000 3,400 6,400 6,600
4/15 9/12 2,400
2019 12,000 4/15 3/12 800 2,600 9,000 4,000
3/15 9/12 1,800
2020 12,000 3/15 3/12 600 1,800 10,800 2,200
2/15 9/12 1,200
2021 12,000 2/15 3/12 400 1000 11,800 1,200
1/15 9/12 600
2022 12,000 1/15 3/12 200 12,000 1,000

9-28
 COMPARISON OF METHODS

ILLUSTRATION 9-14
Comparison of
depreciation methods Annual depreciation varies considerably among the
methods, but total depreciation expense is the
same (€12,000) for the five-year period.
9-29 LO 2
 COMPARISON OF METHODS

ILLUSTRATION 9-15
Patterns of depreciation
9-30 LO 2
 Depreciation

COMPONENT DEPRECIATION
 IFRS requires component depreciation for plant assets.
 Requires that any significant parts of a plant asset that
have significantly different estimated useful lives should
be separately depreciated.

9-31 LO 2
 COMPONENT DEPRECIATION
Illustration: Lexure Construction builds an office building for HK$4,000,000.
The building is estimated to have a 40-year useful life, however HK$320,000
of the cost of the building relates to personal property and HK$600,000 relates
to land improvements. Because the personal property has a depreciable life of
5 years and the land improvements have a depreciable life of 10 years, Lexure
must use component depreciation. Assuming that Lexure uses straight-line
depreciation and no residual value, component depreciation for the first year of
the office building is computed as follows.

Illustration 9-16
9-32 Component depreciation computation LO 2
 Depreciation

DEPRECIATION AND INCOME TAXES

Tax laws often do not require corporate taxpayers to use the
same depreciation method on the tax return that is used in
preparing financial statements.

Many corporations use

 straight-line in their financial statements to maximize net
income.
 an accelerated-depreciation method on their tax returns to
minimize their income taxes.

9-33 LO 2
 Depreciation

REVISING PERIODIC DEPRECIATION

 Accounted for in the period of change and future
periods (change in estimate).
 No restatement of prior years’ depreciation expense.

9-34 LO 2
 REVISING PERIODIC DEPRECIATION

Illustration: Arcadia HS, purchased equipment for €510,000

which was estimated to have a useful life of 10 years with a
residual value of €10,000 at the end of that time. Depreciation
has been recorded for 7 years on a straight-line basis. In 2020
(year 8), it is determined that the total estimated life should be
15 years with a residual value of €5,000 at the end of that time.

Questions:
 What is the journal entry to correct prior
No Entry
years’ depreciation expense? Required
 Calculate the depreciation expense for
2020.

9-35 LO 2
 REVISING PERIODIC DEPRECIATION

Equipment cost €510,000 First,

First,establish
establishNBV
NBV
Residual value - 10,000 at
atdate
dateof ofchange
changein
in
Depreciable base 500,000 estimate.
estimate.
Useful life (original) 10 years
Annual depreciation € 50,000 x 7 years = €350,000

Balance Sheet (Dec. 31, 2019)

Property, Plant, and Equipment
Equipment €510,000
Accumulated depreciation 350,000
Net book value (NBV) €160,000

9-36 LO 2
 REVISING PERIODIC DEPRECIATION

Net book value €160,000 Depreciation

Depreciation
Residual value (new) 5,000 Expense
Expensecalculation
calculation
Depreciable base 155,000 for
for2020.
2020.
Useful life remaining 8 years
Annual depreciation € 19,375

Journal entry for 2020 and future years.

Depreciation Expense 19,375

Accumulated Depreciation
19,375

9-37 LO 2
 Expenditures During Useful Life
Learning Objective 3
Distinguish between
Ordinary Repairs - expenditures to revenue and capital
expenditures, and explain
maintain the operating efficiency and the entries for each.
productive life of the unit.
 Debit – Maintenance and Repairs Expense.
 Referred to as revenue expenditures.

Additions and Improvements - costs incurred to increase

the operating efficiency, productive capacity, or useful life of a
plant asset.
 Debit - the plant asset affected.
 Referred to as capital expenditures.

9-38 LO 3
 Plant Asset Disposals
Learning Objective 4
Explain how to account
Companies dispose of plant assets in three for the disposal of a
plant asset.
ways—Sale, Retirement, or Exchange.

Illustration 9-19
Methods of plant
Record depreciation up to the date of disposal. asset disposal

Eliminate asset by (1) debiting Accumulated Depreciation, and

(2) crediting the asset account.

9-39 LO 4
 Plant Asset Disposals

RETIREMENT OF PLANT ASSETS

 No cash is received.
 Decrease (debit) Accumulated Depreciation for
the full amount of depreciation taken over the life of
the asset.
 Decrease (credit) the asset account for the
original cost of the asset.
 Record any difference loss on disposal.

9-40 LO 4
 RETIREMENT OF PLANT ASSETS

Illustration: Hobart ASA retires its computer printers, which cost

€32,000. The accumulated depreciation on these printers is
€32,000. Prepare the entry to record this retirement.

Accumulated Depreciation—Equipment 32,000

Equipment
32,000

Question: What happens if a fully depreciated plant asset is still

useful to the company?

9-41 LO 4
 RETIREMENT OF PLANT ASSETS

Illustration: Sunset A/S discards delivery equipment that cost

€18,000 and has accumulated depreciation of €14,000. The
journal entry is?

Accumulated Depreciation—Equipment 14,000

Loss on Disposal of Plant Assets 4,000
Equipment 18,000

Companies report a loss on disposal in the “Other income and

expense” section of the income statement.

9-42 LO 4
 Plant Asset Disposals

SALE OF PLANT ASSETS

Compare the book value of the asset with the proceeds
received from the sale.
 If proceeds exceed the book value, a gain on disposal
occurs.
 If proceeds are less than the book value, a loss on
disposal occurs.

9-43 LO 4
 SALE OF PLANT ASSETS

GAIN ON SALE
Illustration: On July 1, 2017, Wright Company sells office
furniture for €16,000 cash. The office furniture originally cost
€60,000. As of January 1, 2017, it had accumulated
depreciation of €41,000. Depreciation for the first six months of
2017 is €8,000. Prepare the journal entry to record
depreciation expense up to the date of sale (July 1).

Depreciation Expense 8,000

Accumulated Depreciation—Equipment 8,000

9-44 LO 4
 SALE OF PLANT ASSETS
Illustration 9-20
Computation of gain
on disposal

Illustration: Wright records the sale on July 1 as follows.

Cash 16,000
Accumulated Depreciation—Equipment 49,000
Equipment 60,000
Gain on Disposal of Plant Assets 5,000

9-45 LO 4
 SALE OF PLANT ASSETS

Illustration: Assume that instead of selling the office furniture for

€16,000, Wright sells it for €9,000 on July 1.
Illustration 9-21
Computation of loss
on disposal

July 1
Cash 9,000
Accumulated Depreciation—Equipment 49,000
Loss on Disposal of Plant Assets 2,000
Equipment 60,000
9-46 LO 4
 > DO IT!

Overland Trucking has an old truck that cost £30,000 and has
accumulated depreciation of £16,000. Assume two different
situations:
1. Overland sells the old truck for £17,000 cash.
2. Overland sells the old truck for £10,000 cash.
What entry should Overland use to record scenario 1?

Cash 17,000
Accumulated Depreciation—Equipment 16,000
Equipment 30,000
Gain on Disposal of Plant Assets 3,000

9-47 LO 4
 > DO IT!

Overland Trucking has an old truck that cost £30,000 and has
accumulated depreciation of £16,000. Assume two different
situations:
1. Overland sells the old truck for £17,000 cash.
2. Overland sells the old truck for £10,000 cash.
What entry should Overland use to record scenario 2?

Cash 10,000
Accumulated Depreciation—Equipment 16,000
Loss on Disposal of Plant Assets 4,000
Equipment 30,000

9-48 LO 4
 Extractable Natural Resources
Learning
Objective 5
Natural resources consist of standing timber Compute periodic
depletion of
and resources extracted from the ground, such extractable natural
as oil, gas, and minerals. resources.

IFRS defines extractive industries as those businesses

involved in finding and removing natural resources located
in or near the earth’s crust.
Standing timber is considered a biological asset under IFRS.
In the years before they are harvested, the recorded value of
biological assets is adjusted to fair value each period.

9-49 LO 5
 Extractable Natural Resources

Acquisition cost of an extractable natural resource is the

 price needed to acquire the resource and
 prepare it for its intended use.

Depletion is the allocation of the cost to expense in a rational

and systematic manner over the resource’s useful life.
 Depletion is to natural resources as depreciation is to plant
assets.
 Companies generally use units-of-activity method.
 Depletion generally is a function of the units extracted.

9-50 LO 5
 Extractable Natural Resources

Illustration: Lane Coal Company invests HK$50 million in a

mine estimated to have 10 million tons of coal and no residual
value. In the first year, Lane extracts and sells 250,000 tons of
coal. Lane computes the depletion expense as follows:

Illustration 9-22
Computation of
depletion cost per unit
HK$5.00 per ton x 250,000 tons =
HK$1,250,000 annual depletion
9-51 LO 5
 Extractable Natural Resources

Illustration: Lane Coal Company invests HK$50 million in a

mine estimated to have 10 million tons of coal and no residual
value. In the first year, Lane extracts and sells 250,000 tons of
coal. Lane records the depletion as follows:

Journal entry:
Inventory (coal) 1,250,000
Accumulated Depletion
1,250,000

9-52 LO 5
 Intangible Assets
Learning
Intangible assets are rights, privileges, and Objective 6
Explain the basic
competitive advantages that result from issues related to
accounting for
ownership of long-lived assets that do not intangible assets.

possess physical substance.

Limited life or indefinite life.

Common types of intangibles:

 Patents  Goodwill
 Copyrights  Franchises
 Trademarks  Leases
 Trade Names
9-53 LO 6
 Accounting for Intangible Assets

Limited-Life Intangibles:
Companies
Companiesclassify
classify
 Amortize to expense. Amortization
Amortization
 Credit asset account. Expense
Expenseas asan
an
operating
operatingexpense
expense
Indefinite-Life Intangibles: in
inthe
theincome
income
statement.
statement.
 No amortization.

Similar
Similarto
toproperty,
property,plant,
plant,and
andequipment,
equipment,IFRS
IFRS
permits
permitsrevaluation
revaluationofofintangible
intangibleassets
assetsto
tofair
fairvalue,
value,
except
exceptforforgoodwill.
goodwill.

9-54 LO 6
 Accounting for Intangible Assets

PATENTS
 Exclusive right to manufacture, sell, or otherwise control an
invention for a specified number of years from the date of
the grant.
 Capitalize costs of purchasing a patent and amortize
over its legal life or its useful life, whichever is shorter.
 Expense any Research and Development costs in
developing a patent.
 Legal fees incurred successfully defending a patent are
capitalized to Patents account.

9-55 LO 6
 PATENTS

Illustration: National Labs purchases a patent at a cost of

NT$720,000. National estimates the useful life of the patent to
be eight years. National records the annual amortization for the
ended December 31 as follows.

Cost NT$720,000
Useful life ÷ 8 years
Annual expense NT$ 90,000

Dec. 31
Amortization Expense 90,000
Patents
90,000
9-56 LO 6
 Accounting for Intangible Assets

COPYRIGHTS
 Give the owner the exclusive right to reproduce and sell
an artistic or published work.
 Granted for the life of the creator plus a specified
number of years, commonly 70 years.
 Capitalize costs of acquiring and defending it.
 Amortized to expense over useful life.

9-57 LO 6
 Accounting for Intangible Assets

TRADEMARKS AND TRADE NAMES

 Word, phrase, jingle, or symbol that identifies a particular
enterprise or product.
► Wheaties, Monopoly, Kleenex, Coca-Cola, Big Mac, and
Jetta.

 Legal protection for specified number of years, commonly

20 years. Protection may be renewal indefinitely.
 Capitalize cost of acquisition.
 No amortization.

9-58 LO 6
 Accounting for Intangible Assets

FRANCHISES AND LICENSES

 Contractual arrangement between a franchisor and a
franchisee.
► BP (GBR), Subway (USA), and Europcar are
franchises.

 Franchise (or license) with a limited-life should be

amortized to expense over its useful life.
 Franchise (or license) with an indefinite life is not
amortized.

9-59 LO 6
 Accounting for Intangible Assets

GOODWILL
 Includes exceptional management, desirable location, good
customer relations, skilled employees, high-quality products,
etc.
 Only recorded when an entire business is purchased.
 Goodwill is recorded as the excess of cost over the fair
value of the net assets acquired.
 Internally created goodwill should not be capitalized.
 Not amortized.

9-60 LO 6
 Research and Development Costs

Expenditures that may lead to

 patents,
 copyrights, All R & D costs
 new processes, and are expensed
when incurred.
 new products.

9-61 LO 6
 Research and Development Costs

Illustration: Laser Scanner Ltd. spent NT$1 million on

research and NT$2 million on development of new products. Of
the NT$2 million in development costs NT$400,000 was incurred
prior to technological feasibility and NT$1,600,000 was incurred
after technological feasibility had been demonstrated. The
company would record these costs as follows.

Research and Development Expense 1,400,000

Development Costs 1,600,000
Cash 3,000,000

9-62 LO 6
 > DO IT!

Illustration: Identify the term most directly associated with

each statement.

1. The allocation of the cost of an extractable

natural resource to expense in a rational and Depletion
systematic manner.
2. Rights, privileges, and competitive
Intangible
advantages that result from the ownership of
Assets
long-lived assets that do not possess
physical substance.
3. An exclusive right granted by a government
to reproduce and sell an artistic or published Copyrights
work.

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 > DO IT!

Illustration: Identify the term most directly associated with

each statement.

4. A right to sell certain products or services

or to use certain trademarks or trade Franchises
names within a designated geographic
area.
5. Costs incurred by a company that often Research
lead to patents or new products. These Costs
costs must be expensed as incurred.

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 Learning
Statement Presentation Objective 7
Indicate how plant
assets, natural
resources, and
intangible assets
are reported.

Illustration 9-23
9-65 Presentation of property, plant, and equipment, and intangible assets LO 7
 Statement Analysis

Illustration 9-24
Asset turnover formula and computation

Each Korean won invested in assets produced ₩1.65 in sales

for LG. If a company is using its assets efficiently, each
investment in assets will create a high amount of sales.

9-66 LO 7
 > DO IT!

Paramour Company reported net income of $180,000, net

sales of $420,000, and had total assets of $460,000 on
January 1, 2017, and total assets on December 31, 2017, of
$540,000. Determine Paramour’s asset turnover for 2017.

Solution
The asset turnover is computed as follows.
Net Sales ÷ Average Total Assets = Asset Turnover

$460,000 + $540,000
$420,000 ÷ = .84
2

9-67 LO 7
APPENDIX 9A Sum of Years Digit method

 Under the SYD method, depreciation is determined

by the use of annual fraction whose denominator is
the sum of the digit that constitute the life of the asset
and the numerator is the digits in reverse.

 To determine depreciation expense under SYD, the

depreciable cost is multiplied by the fraction.

9-68 LO 8
 Sum of Years Digit method

 Example – In 2017 a machine was purchased at cost

of 17,000$ with estimated life of 5 years and scrap
value of 2000$.

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 Sum of Years Digit method

 Assume the machine was purchased in October 2017

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APPENDIX 9B Exchange of Plant Assets
Learning
Objective 8
 Ordinarily, companies record a gain or Explain how to
account for the
loss on the exchange of plant assets. exchange of plant
assets.
 Most exchanges have commercial substance.

 Commercial substance - if the future cash flows

change as a result of the exchange.

9-71 LO 8
 Loss Treatment

Illustration: Roland NV exchanged used trucks (cost €64,000

less €22,000 accumulated depreciation) plus cash of €17,000
for a new semi-truck. The used trucks had a fair market value of
€26,000.

Cost of used trucks €64,000

Less: Accumulated depreciation 22,000
Book value 42,000 Illustration 9A-2
Computation of
Fair market value of used trucks 26,000 loss on disposal

Loss on disposal €16,000

Fair market value of used trucks €26,000 Illustration 9A-1
Cost of semi-truck
Cash paid 17,000
Cost of semi-truck €43,000

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 Loss Treatment

Illustration: Roland NV exchanged used trucks (cost €64,000

less €22,000 accumulated depreciation) plus cash of €17,000
for a new semi-truck. The old trucks had a fair market value of
€26,000.
Prepare the entry to record the exchange of assets by Roland
NV.
Equipment (new) 43,000
Accumulated Depreciation—Equipment 22,000
Loss on Disposal of Plant Assets 16,000
Equipment (old) 64,000
Cash 17,000

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 Gain Treatment

Illustration: Mark Express trades its old delivery equipment

(cost €40,000 less €28,000 accumulated depreciation) for new
delivery equipment. The old equipment had a fair market value
of €19,000. Mark also paid €3,000.

Cost of old equipment €40,000

Less: Accumulated depreciation 28,000
Book value 12,000 Illustration 9A-4
Computation of gain
Fair market value of old equipment 19,000 on disposal

Gain on disposal € 7,000

Fair market value of old equipment €19,000 Illustration 9A-3
Cost of new delivery
Cash paid 3,000 equipment

Cost of new equipment €22,000

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 Gain Treatment

Illustration: Mark Express trades its old delivery equipment

(cost €40,000 less €28,000 accumulated depreciation) for new
delivery equipment. The old equipment had a fair market value
of €19,000. Mark also paid €3,000.
Prepare the entry to record the exchange of assets by Mark
Express.
Equipment (new) 22,000
Accumulated Depreciation—Equipment (old) 28,000
Equipment (old) 40,000
Gain on Disposal of Plant Assets 7,000
Cash 3,000

9-75 LO 8
 END

9-76