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    Lecture-1.1.3

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    Lecture-1.1.3

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    Lecture-1.1.3

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    shreyabusiness123

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    of 15

    INSTITUTE : UIE

    DEPARTMENT : CSE
    Bachelor of Engineering (Computer Science & Engineering)
    PROJECT BASED LEARNING IN JAVA WITH LAB
    (21CSH-319/21ITH-319)

    TOPIC OF PRESENTATION:

    Use of public, private and protected. (CO 1)

    DISCOVER . LEARN . EMPOWER


    Lecture Objectives

    In this lecture, we will discuss:


    •Use of public, private and
    protected.
    To understand the concept of Access Specifier, you must have the knowledge
    of packages in java.

    A package as the name suggests is a pack(group) of classes, interfaces and other


    packages. In java we use packages to organize our classes and interfaces.
    We have two types of packages in Java: built-in packages and the packages we
    can create (also known as user defined package).

    • 1) User defined package: The package we create is called user-defined


    package.
    • 2) Built-in package: The already defined package like java.io.*, java.lang.*
    etc are known as built-in packages.
    Sub packages in Java
    • A package inside another package is known as sub package. For
    example If we create a package inside letmecalculate package then
    that will be called sub package.
    • Lets say we have created another package inside letmecalculate and
    the sub package name is multiply. So if we create a class in this
    subpackage it should have this package declaration in the beginning:
    package letmecalculate.multiply;
    Points to remember:
    1. Sometimes class name conflict may occur. For example: Lets say we have two
    packages abcpackage and xyzpackage and both the packages have a class
    with the same name, let it be JavaExample.java. Now suppose a class import
    both these packages like this:
    import abcpackage.*;
    import xyzpackage.*;
    This will throw compilation error. To avoid such errors you need to use the fully
    qualified name method that I have shown above. For example
    abcpackage.JavaExample obj = new abcpackage.JavaExample();
    xyzpackage.JavaExample obj2 = new xyzpackage.JavaExample();
    This way you can avoid the import package statements and avoid that name
    conflict error.
    2. If we create a class inside a package while importing another package then
    the package declaration should be the first statement, followed by package
    import. For example:
    package abcpackage;
    import xyzpackage.*;

    3. A class can have only one package declaration but it can have more than
    one package import statements. For example:
    package abcpackage; //This should be one
    import xyzpackage;
    import anotherpackage;
    import anything;
    4. The wild card import like package.* should be used carefully when working with subpackages.
    For example: Lets say: we have a package abc and inside that package we have another
    package foo, now foo is a subpackage.
    classes inside abc are: Example1, Example 2, Example 3
    classes inside foo are: Demo1, Demo2
    So if I import the package abc using wildcard like this:
    import abc.*;
    Then it will only import classes Example1, Example2 and Example3 but it will not import the
    classes of sub package.
    To import the classes of subpackage you need to import like this:
    import abc.foo.*;
    This will import Demo1 and Demo2 but it will not import the Example1, Example2 and Example3.
    So to import all the classes present in package and subpackage, we need to use two import
    statements like this:
    import abc.*;
    import abc.foo.*;
    Java Access Modifiers – Public, Private, Protected & Default

    An access modifier restricts the access of a class, constructor, data member and
    method in another class. In java we have four access modifiers:
    1. default
    2. private
    3. protected
    4. public
    1. Default access modifier
    When we do not mention any access modifier, it is called default access modifier. The
    scope of this modifier is limited to the package only.
    This means that if we have a class with the default access modifier in a package, only
    those classes that are in this package can access this class. No other class outside
    this package can access this class.
    Similarly, if we have a default method or data member in a class, it would not be visible in
    the class of another package.

    2. Private access modifier


    The scope of private modifier is limited to the class only.
    Private Data members and methods are only accessible within the class
    Class and Interface cannot be declared as private
    If a class has private constructor then you cannot create the object of that class from
    outside of the class.
    3. Protected Access Modifier
    Protected data member and method are only accessible by the classes of the same
    package and the subclasses present in any package. You can also say that the
    protected access modifier is similar to default access modifier with one exception that
    it has visibility in sub classes.
    Classes cannot be declared protected. This access modifier is generally used in a
    parent child relationship.

    4. Public access modifier


    The members, methods and classes that are declared public can be accessed from
    anywhere. This modifier doesn’t put any restriction on the access.
    The scope of access modifiers in tabular form
    QUIZ:

    1. Which of these access specifiers must be used for main() method?


    a) private
    b) public
    c) protected
    d) none of the mentioned

    2. Which of the following statements are incorrect?


    a) public members of class can be accessed by any code in the program
    b) private members of class can only be accessed by other members of the
    class
    c) private members of class can be inherited by a subclass, and become
    protected members in subclass
    d) protected members of a class can be inherited by a subclass, and become
    private members of the subclass
    Summary:

    In this session, you were able to :


    • Learn about Use of public, private and protected.
    References:
    Books:
    1. Balaguruswamy, Java.
    2. A Primer, E.Balaguruswamy, Programming with Java, Tata McGraw Hill
    Companies
    3. John P. Flynt Thomson, Java Programming.

    Video Lectures :
    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eEujVn-ZTLE

    Reference Links:
    https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/packages-in-java/
    https://www.javatpoint.com/package
    THANK YOU

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