Group 7

INTRODUCTION TO COLUMNS
DESIGN OF SHORT COLUMNS

SUBJECT TO AXIAL LOAD &
BENDING
CABANSAG, CASTILLO, DELOS SANTOS, DELICANA

INTRODUCTION TO COLUMNS
⚬ Columns act as vertical supports to beams and slabs, and to

transmit the loads to the foundation
⚬ Columns are primarily compression members, although they may

also have to resist bending moment transmitted by beams
⚬ Columns may be classified as short or slender, braced or unbraced

depending on various dimensional and structural factors
COLUMN SECTIONS
⚬ Common column cross sections are: (a) square, (b) circular

and (c) rectangular section
⚬ The greatest dimension should not exceed four times its
smaller dimension (h≤4b)
⚬ For h>4b, the member should be regarded as a wall for
design purpose.
FAILURE MODES OF COLUMNS
Columns may fail in one of three mechanisms:
⚬ Compression failure of the concrete or steel Reinforcement Buckling
⚬ Combination of buckling and compression failure

⚬ Compression failure is likely to occur with columns which are short
and stocky
⚬ Buckling is probable with columns which are long and slender
SHORT AND SLENDER COLUMNS
⚬ A column may be considered braced in a given plane if lateral stability

to the structure as a whole is provided by wall or bracing or buttressing
designed to resist all lateral forces in that plane. It should otherwise be
considered as unbraced.
SHORT AND SLENDER
COLUMNS
⚬ A braced column is classified as being short if
⚬ lex effective height in respect of the major axis

⚬ ley effective height in respect of the minor axis
EFFECTIVE HEIGHT OF
COLUMNS
⚬ The effective height, le of a column in a given plane may
be obtained from the following equation:
⚬ Where B is a coefficient depending on the fixity at the

column ends and lo is the height of the columns.
⚬ Effective height for a column in two plane directions may

be different
EFFECTIVE HEIGHT OF
COLUMNS
EFFECTIVE HEIGHT OF
COLUMNS
⚬ End condition 1 – the end of the
column is connected monolithically to
beams on either side which are at least
as deep as the overall dimension of the
column in the plane considered. Where
the column is connected to foundation,
it should be designed to carry moment.
EFFECTIVE HEIGHT OF
COLUMNS
⚬ End condition 2 – the end of column is connected monolithically to beams or
labs on either side which are shallower than the overall dimension of the column
in the plane considered.
EFFECTIVE HEIGHT OF
COLUMNS
⚬ End condition 3 – the end of the column is connected to members which, while
not specifically designed to provide restraint to rotation of the column will
nevertheless, provide some nominal restraint
DESIGN OF SHORT COLUMNS
SUBJECT TO AXIAL LOAD &
BENDING
⚬ All columns are subjected to some bending as well as axial forces and
they need to be proportioned to resist both.
⚬ The so-called "axial load" formulas presented in the previous discussions

takes into account some moments as they indude the effect of small
eccentricities with the 0.80 and 0.85 factors.
⚬ These values are approximately equivalent to the assumption of actual

eccentricities of 0.10h for tied columns and 0.05h for spiral columns.
⚬ Columns will bend under the action of moments and those moments will
tend to produce compression on one side of the columns and tension on
the other.
⚬ Depending on the relative magnitudes of the moments and axial loads there
are several ways in which the sections might fail.
⚬ These values are approximately equivalent to the assumption of actual

eccentricities of 0.10h for tied columns and 0.05h for spiral columns.
⚬ (a) Large axial load with negligible moment. For this situation, failure will
occur by the crushing of the concrete with all reinforcing bars in the column
having reached their yield stress in compression.
⚬ (b) Large axial load and small moment such that the entire cross section is in
compression. When a column is subject to a small bending moment (that is,
when the eccentricity is small), the entire column will be in compression but
the compression will be higher on one side than the other.
⚬ (a) Large axial load with negligible moment. For this situation, failure will occur
by the crushing of the concrete with all reinforcing bars in the column having
reached their yield stress in compression.
⚬ (b) Large axial load and small moment such that the entire cross section is in
compression. When a column is subject to a small bending moment the entire
column will be in compression but the compression will be higher on one side
than the other. The maximum compressive stress in the column will be 0.85, and
failure will occur by the crushing of the concrete with all the bars in
compression.
⚬ (c) Eccentricity larger than in case (b) such that tension begins to develop on one side
of the column. If the eccentricity is increased somewhat from the preceding case,
tension will begin to develop on one side of the column and the steel on that side will
be in tension but less than the yield stress.
⚬ (d) A balanced loading condition. As we continue to increase the eccentricity, a

condition will be reached at which the reinforcing bars on the tension side will reach
their yield stress at the same time that the concrete on the opposite side reaches its
maximum compression 0.85. This situation is called the balanced loading condition.
⚬ (e) Large moment with small axial load. If the eccentricity is further increased,
failure will be initiated by the yielding of the bars on the tension side of the column.
(f) Large moment with no appreciable axial load. For this condition, failure will
occur as it does in a beam
⚬ (f) Large moment with no appreciable axial load. For this condition, failure will
occur as it does in a beam
THE PLASTIC CENTROID
⚬ The eccentricity of a column load is the distance from the load to the
plastic centroid of the column. The plastic centroid represents the
location of the resultant force produced by the steel and the concrete. It
is the point in the column cross section through which the resultant
column load must pass to produce uniform strain at failure.
⚬ For locating the plastic centroid, all concrete is assumed to be stressed in
compression to 0.85f and all steel to fy in compression. For symmetrical sections the
plastic centroid coincides with the centroid of the column cross section, while for
nonsymmetrical sections it can be located by taking moments.
⚬ Example of Finding the Plastic Centroid Determine the plastic centroid of the T-
shaped column shown in Figure 9.2 if § = 27.6 MPa and f, = 414 MPa. The column is
reinforced with 4 - 25 mm & vertical bars
⚬ Solution:
⚬ The plastic centroid falls on the x-axis due to symmetry. The column is divided into
two rectangles the left one being 400mm x 150mm and the right one 200mm x
200mm. C is assumed tO be the total compression in the left concrete rectangle, C2
the total compression in the right rectangle, and Cs the total compression in the
reinforcing bars.
⚬ 1. Calculate C1 and C2, C, = 0.85f A, = 0.85(27.6) (150) (400)10-3 = 1407.6 kN C, =
0.85f'A, = 0.85(27.6)(200) (200)103 = 938.4 KN
⚬ 2. Calculate Cs, Note: In computing Cs, the concrete where the bars are located is
subtracted; that is, Ast = [4)| [I (25? =1963.5 mm? C; = 1963.5 [ 414 - 0.85 (27.6) 10-
3 = 766.8 kN
⚬ 3. Calculate the total compression Pn, Pn = 1407.6 + 938.4 + 766.8 = 3112.8 kN 4.
Calculate × by taking moments about the left edge of column, 3112.8 × =1407.6 (75)
+ 938.4(250 + 766.8 175 × = 152.39 mm
• If an axial compressive load is applied to a short concrete member, it will be
subjected to a uniform strain or shortening
• If a moment with zero axial load is applied to the same member, the result will
be bending about the member's neutral axis such that the strain is proportional
to the distance from the neutral axis.
• If an axial load and moment are applied at the same time, the resulting strain
diagram will be a combination of two linear diagrams and will itself be linear
THANK YOU!
REFERENCE:
https://www.scribd.com/document/441414013/LECTURE-8-DESIGN-OF-SHORT-
COLUMNS-SUBJECT-TO-AXIAL-AND-BENDING
Structural Design I Course Code: CIVL321 REINFORCED CONCRETE
COLUMN

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INTRODUCTION TO COLUMNS

DESIGN OF SHORT COLUMNS

CABANSAG, CASTILLO, DELOS SANTOS, DELICANA

⚬ Columns act as vertical supports to beams and slabs, and to

⚬ Columns are primarily compression members, although they may

⚬ Columns may be classified as short or slender, braced or unbraced

⚬ Common column cross sections are: (a) square, (b) circular

Columns may fail in one of three mechanisms:

⚬ Compression failure of the concrete or steel Reinforcement Buckling

⚬ Combination of buckling and compression failure

⚬ A column may be considered braced in a given plane if lateral stability

⚬ lex effective height in respect of the major axis

⚬ Where B is a coefficient depending on the fixity at the

⚬ Effective height for a column in two plane directions may

⚬ The so-called "axial load" formulas presented in the previous discussions

⚬ These values are approximately equivalent to the assumption of actual

⚬ These values are approximately equivalent to the assumption of actual

⚬ (d) A balanced loading condition. As we continue to increase the eccentricity, a

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