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Yangon Technological University

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Workshop Technology II
WS-22012

Daw Yu Kay Aung


Tutor
09-755088081
yukayaung@gmial.com
Chapter (7)
Drills and Drilling Processes

TYPES Of STANDARD DRILLING MACHINES

 sensitive (or upright or vertical)

 heavy-duty,

 gang,

 radial,

 multiple-drill-head, and

 tape-controlled drilling
machines
Sensitive Drilling Machine
1. What is a sensitive drilling
machine?

• For drilling small holes at


high speed in light jobs
• Base of machine on a
bench or floor
• No automatic feed
mechanism, fed by hand
• Range of spindles depend
on speed of the motor, size
ratio of the pulley and
number of step on pulleys

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2. What skill are necessary to operate a sensitive drill press
correctly?
• “sense of feel” when feeding

• Feel the cutting action and knows just how much pressure to apply

• sense of feel important too heavy a feed, may break or damage

• little feed in chatter, too much heat, dulling, and rapid wear

• ability to sense that the drill is beginning to break through the work.

• will reduce his pressure as the drill begins to break through, thus permitting
the drill to cut its way freely and smoothly through the hole.

• Unless this is done, the drill is apt to grab or dig, damage, break, or injure.
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3. What is a gang drilling
machine?

The multiple-spindle, or
gang, consists of a large
base supporting a long
table.
 The back of the base is
designed so that several
spindles may be mounted
on it.
Each spindle is driven by
its individual direct-
connected motor.

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Cont;

 The table has a groove around the outside for the return of the cutting
lubricant and may have T slots on its surface for ease in clamping work to the
table.
 It is adjusted for height by means of a crank, which actuates screws through
worms and gears fitted with ball bearings.
 This type of machine is generally preferred when the work is to be moved
from spindle to spindle for successive operations. 6
4. What is a multiple-drill-head drilling machine?

 Should no be confused with the multiple-spindle machine.

Multiple-drill-head Multiple-spindle machine


drilling machine

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Cont;

 May have any number of spindles from 4 to 48, or more, all


driven from the one spindle driven gear in one head.
 Specially designed for mass-production operations such as
drilling, reamaing, or tapping many holes at one time in a
specific unit of work such as an automobile engine block.
 Two or more drill heads on one machine, each with many
spindles.
 Necessary when holes are drilled from more than one
direction for example, on the top, side, and end of a piece of
work.
 Production units of this type are seldom used in a toolroom
that usually does highly skilled custom work.

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5. What is a radial drilling machine?

 A precision machine that is


designed so that the entire
mechanism may be adjusted
 The large arm of the
machine is raised or lowered
by a motor-driven
mechanism, which operates
on a long, stationary,
elevating screw.
 The arm is automatically
clamped on the vertical
column when the elevating
mechanism is stopped. 9
Cont;

 The head, which contains the spindle and power-feeding


mechanism, can be moved back and forth on the arm and
clamped in place.

 The arm may be rotated around the column and clamped


securely in the required location.

 Generally used for work that is too large or too heavy to be


placed on a vertical-spindle machine, but especially for jobs
where accuracy of a high degree is required.

 It has a capacity for drilling or tapping holes up to 1 1/2 in.


In diameter in steel, and up to 2 in. In diameter in cast iron,
within very close limits.

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6. What is a drill vise?

 A drill vise is a work-holding tool in


which the work-piece may be seated
square and parallel and held securely
while the drilling and other
operations are performed.
 Because it can be turned over on
three sides, several holes can be
drilled without removing the work.

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7. What is a drill jig?
 A drill jig is a work-holding
tool, which locates the work-
piece in proper position and
hold it securely.

 The drill and other cutting


tools are guided by hardened
steel drill bushings so that
the holes drilled in all of the
parts are in the same exact
location.

 Drill jigs are production


tools used in the mass
production of parts.

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8. Can holes other than round-holes be drilled by rotary
motion?
 Yes. Square, hexagonal, pentagonal, and octagonal holes-
called angular holes can be drilled in a drill press, engine
lathe, turret lathe, and milling machine.

9. What is the dead center of a drill?


 The dead center is the sharp edge at the extreme tip end of
the drill.
 Formed by the intersection of the cone-shaped surfaces of the
point, the dead center should always be in the exact center of
the axis of the drill.

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10. What is the cutting lip of a drill?
 The cutting lip of a drill is the part of the point that
actually cuts away the material when a hole is drilled.
 It is ordinarily as sharp as the edge of a knife. There is a
cutting lip for each flute of the drill.

11. What is the lip clearance of a drill?


 The lip clearance is the surface of the point that is ground
away of relieved just back of the cutting lip of the drill.

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12. What is the margin of a drill?

 The margin is the narrow strip. It is the full diameter of the drill
and extends the entire length of the flute.
 Its surface is part of a cylinder, which is interrupted by the flutes
and by what is known as body clearance.
 The diameter of the margin at the shank end of the drill is 0.0005
to 0.002 in. Smaller than the diameter at the point.
 This allows the drill to revolve without binding when drilling deep
holes.

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13. What is the rake angle of
a drill?
 The rake angle is the angle
of the flute in relation to the
work.
 For ordinary drilling, the
rake angle established by the
manufacturer of the drill
correct and should remain
untouched.
 If the angle is 90 º or more,
it will not give a good
cutting edge.
 If the angle is ground too
small, however, the cutting
edge becomes so thin that it
breaks down under the strain
of the work. 16
Cont;

 The rake angle also partially governs the tightness


with which the chips curl and hence the amount of
space they occupy.

 Other conditions being the same, a very large rake


angle makes a tightly rolled chip, whereas a rather
small rake angle makes a chip tend to curl into a
more loosely rolled helix.

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14. Why is a cutting coolant or oil used on the drill?

 Cutting coolant and oils are used to carry heat away


from the drill point, preventing it from overheating.
 This permits higher cutting speeds and longer drill life.
Practically all metals require the use of coolants or oil
when being drilled.
 Cast iron may be drilled without using coolant because
it contains a large percentage of a graphite, which is a
form of lubricant.

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15. Describe the operation of countersinking?

 Countersinking is the operation of producing an angular


surface at the end of a hole.
 Countersinks are made in many diameter sizes and
several angles.
 The angle size depends upon the reason for
countersinking.
 Flat head screws require a countersink with an 82º
included angle, whereas a center hole must be 60º.
Various types of rivet heads have included angles of
from 90º to 145º .

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16. Describe the operation of reaming?

Reaming is the operation of finishing a drilled hole.


A finished hole has the specified diameter size, is
perfectly round, the diameter is the same size from
end to end, and it has a smoothly finished surface.
A drilled hole is seldom accurate enough in size or
sufficiently smooth to be called a precision hole.
When greater accuracy is required, the hole must be
drilled undersize by a certain amount and finished
by reaming. 20
17. Describe the operation of lapping?

 Lapping is a method of removing very small amounts an


abrasive.
 The abrasive material is kept in contact with the sides a
hole that is to be lapped by the use of a lapping tool.
 In operation, the lap should just fit the hole.
 As the lap revolves in the hole, it should be constantly
moved up and down so that the hole will be perfectly
cylindrical.

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Cont;

 Lapping is a slow, tedious job. Usually only a few


thousandths of an inch are removed by this method.

 It is a common practice to lap small holes those less


than 3/8 in. In diameter after the material has been
hardened.

 Before hardening small holes that are to be lapped are


reamed with a lapping reamer.

 Lapping reamers are one or two thousandths of an inch


smaller than standard-sized mamers.

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THANK YOU

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