Vibration Report

VIBRATION ANALYSIS
AND VIBRATION
CONTROL
Vibration analysis (Detection mode)
• Vibration analysis is used to determine the operating and
mechanical condition of equipment. A major advantage is that
vibration analysis can identify developing problems before they
become too serious and cause unscheduled downtime.
• This can be achieved by conducting regular monitoring of machine
vibrations either on continuous basis or at scheduled intervals.
• Regular vibration monitoring can detect deteriorating or defective
bearings, mechanical looseness and worn or broken gears.
• Vibration analysis can also detect misalignment and unbalance
before these conditions result in bearing or shaft deterioration.
• Trending vibration levels can identify poor maintenance practices,
such as improper bearing installation and replacement, inaccurate
shaft alignment or imprecise rotor balancing
• All rotating machines produce vibrations that are a function of the machine
dynamics, such as the alignment and balance of the rotating parts.
• Measuring the amplitude of vibration at certain frequencies can provide
valuable information about the accuracy of shaft alignment and balance,
the condition of bearings or gears, and the effect on the machine due to
resonance from the housings, piping and other structures.
• Vibration measurement is an effective, non-intrusive method to monitor
machine condition during start-ups, shutdowns and normal operation.
• Vibration analysis is used primarily on rotating equipment such as steam
and gas turbines, pumps, motors, compressors, paper machines, rolling
mills, machine tools and gearboxes.
• Recent advance in technology allow a limited analysis of reciprocating
equipment such as large diesel engines and reciprocating compressors.
• These machines also need other techniques to fully monitor their operation.
A vibration analysis system usually consists of four basic parts
1. Signal pickups, also called a transducer

2. A signal analyzer
3. Analysis software
4. A computer for data analysis and storage.
Vibration analysis (Diagnosis mode)
• Operators and technicians often detect unusual noises or vibrations
on the shop floor or plant where they work on a daily basis.
• In order to determine if a serious problem actually exists, they could
proceed with a vibration analysis. If a problem is indeed detected,
additional spectral analyses can be done to accurately define the
problem and to estimate how long the machine can continue to run
before a serious failure occurs.
• Vibration measurements in analysis (diagnosis) mode can be cost-
effective for less critical equipment, particularly if budgets or
manpower are limited. Its effectiveness relies heavily on someone
detecting unusual noises or vibration levels.
• This approach may not be reliable for large or complex machines, or
in noisy parts of a plant.
• Furthermore, by the time a problem is noticed, a considerable
• Another application for vibration analysis is as an acceptance test to
verify that a machine repair was done properly.
• The analysis can verify whether proper maintenance was carried out
on bearing or gear installation, or whether alignment or balancing
was done to the required tolerances.
• Additional information can be obtained by monitoring machinery
on a periodic basis, for example, once per month or once per quarter.
• Periodic analysis and trending of vibration levels can provide a more
subtle indication of bearing or gear deterioration, allowing personnel
to project the machine condition into the foreseeable future.
• The implication is that equipment repairs can be planned to
commence during normal machine shutdowns, rather than after a
machine failure has caused unscheduled downtime.
Benefits of Vibration analysis
• Vibration analysis can identify improper maintenance or repair practices.
These can include improper bearing installation and replacement, inaccurate
shaft alignment or imprecise rotor balancing. As almost 80% of common
rotating equipment problems are related to misalignment and unbalance,
vibration analysis is an important tool that can be used to reduce or
eliminate recurring machine problems. Trending vibration levels can also
identify improper production practices, such as using equipment beyond
their design specifications (higher temperatures, speeds or loads). These
trends can also be used to compare similar machines from different
manufacturers in order to determine if design benefits or flaws are reflected
in increased or decreased performance.
• Ultimately, vibration analysis can be used as part of an overall program to

significantly improve equipment reliability. This can include more precise
alignment and balancing, better quality installations and repairs, and
continuously lowering the average vibration levels of equipment in the plant.
Vibration Analysis and
Measurement Equipment
Online data acquisition and analysis
• The process of sampling signals that measure real-world physical
phenomena and converting them into a digital form that can be
manipulated by a computer and software.
• Advantages
• Performs continuous, online monitoring of critical machinery.
• Measurements are taken automatically without human interference.
• Provides almost instantaneous detection of defects.
• Disadvantages
• Reliability of online systems must be at the same level as the machines
they monitor.
• Failure can prove to be very expensive.
• Installation and analysis require special skills.
• These are expensive systems.
Portable data collectors/analyzers
• Modern data collectors/analyzers can provide information of any
vibration characteristics in any
desired engineering unit.
• There are basically two types of data collectors and analyzers, Single
channel and Dual channel.
• Advantages
• Can collect, record and display vibration data such as FFT spectra,
overall trend plots and time
domain waveforms.
• Provides orderly collection of data.
• Automatically reports measurements out of pre-established limit
thresholds.
• Can perform field vibration analysis.
• Disadvantages
• They are relatively expensive.
• Operator must be trained for use.
• Limited memory capability and thus data must be downloaded after
collection.
Handheld Vibration Meter
• A handheld vibration meter is an inexpensive and simple-to-use
instrument that is an essential part of any vibration program.
• Acceleration (pk) (g)
• Velocity (pk-rms) (mm/s or in./s)
• Displacement (pk-pk) (microns or mils)
• Bearing condition (discussed later) (gSE, dB and others).
• Advantages
• They are convenient and flexible, and require very little skill to use.
• It is an inexpensive starting point for any new condition-monitoring program.
• Disadvantages
• Limited in the type of measurements that they can perform.
• They also lack data storage capability (however, some instruments are now
available with
• some limited storage capacity).
VIBRATION CONTROL
• The Vibration control mechanism can be described as follows: when
adding appropriate vibration isolation or mitigation devices in structure,
vibration will be isolated or mitigated, so that the main structures are
protected from damage by devices.
• The equipment can be classified into two categories: “passive type” and
“hybrid type.” The hybrid type has powered components for motorized
control.
- The hybrid type has powered components for motorized control.
- Passive vibration control does not require an outside source of power, but
instead uses the mass of the structure to mitigate vibration. The main
examples of passive vibration control systems are tuned mass dampers,
viscous dampers, liquid sloshing dampers, friction dampers, etc.
MASS DAMPERS
VISCOUS DAMPERS
LIQUID SLOSHING DAMPERS
FRICTION DAMPERS
HOW DO YOU MITIGATE VIBRATION:
- This unwanted Vibration can be reduced using the following five tips :
• Force Reduction - Force Reduction of inputs related to rotating components,
such as unbalance, misalignment, looseness, and rubbing, will result in a
corresponding reduction of vibration response. Typically, force input
increases in proportion to the frequency (speed).
• Mass Addition -Mass Addition will reduce a constant excitation force's
effect system response.
• Tuning - Adding stiffness in order to increase the natural frequency is the
most common example of tuning to reduce vibrations. Isolation reduces the
unwanted vibration response of a system by rearranging the excitation forces
so that inertia (mass) opposes force in the system
• Isolation - You can also isolate the vibrating component with a sub-frame or
springs to reduce the energy of vibration from being transferred to the rest
of system. Use a tuned mass damper if you're concerned about mechanical
resonance
HOW DO YOU CONTROL VIBRATION IN TERMS OF:
• STRENGTH - Change vibration settings

• VIBRATION IN MOTOR - An easy method to reduce vibration is
to install a clean damper on the rear shaft of the motor.
• STRATEGY - Active vibration control is the active application of force in
an equal and opposite fashion to the forces imposed by external
vibration.
• STRUCTUAL DYNAMICS - is designed to suppress and control any
unfavorable vibration due to dynamic forces that could alter the
performance of the structure.

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VIBRATION ANALYSIS

1. Signal pickups, also called a transducer

• Ultimately, vibration analysis can be used as part of an overall program to

• STRENGTH - Change vibration settings

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