Basic Laboratory Calibrations
Basic Laboratory Calibrations
Basic Laboratory Calibrations
Basic Laboratory
Calibrations
(Stopwatches and Tachometers)
Luis Mojica Ovalle
[email protected]
[email protected]
Electromagnetic Magnitudes Area
CENAMEP AIP
Stopwatch and Tachometer Calibrations
OUTLINE:
About the presentation
Stopwatch Calibrations
o Device Under Test (DUT)
o Traceable Reference
o Calibration Method
o Calibration Result
Tachometer Calibrations
o Device Under Test (DUT)
o Traceable Reference
o Calibration Method
o Calibration Result
Do We make measurements
without errors? ??
Digital Stopwatches
For example:
Flow measurement
process timing
chemical measurement
and radiological exposure control
Stopwatch
Resolution:
1/100 second
1/1000 second
Timer
Total elapsed time display:
Times up to 10 hours Countdown timer:
9:59’59.999’’ 100 hours. Count Down/ Up Timer
0 to 99 hours, 59 minute, 59 second 99 hours, 59 minute, 59 second to 0
Accuracy
±30 seconds/month
99.9988 %
± 5 s/day
Start Stop
Time Interval Reference
DUT
Telephone Network
o Advantages:
relatively easy to perform: if a telephone is used, does not
require any test equipment or standard.
It can be used to calibrate all types of stopwatches and many
types of timers, both electronic and mechanical.
o Disadvantages:
The operator’s start/stop reaction time is a significant part of
the total uncertainty.
It requires long measurement periods.
Sources of uncertainty:
1. The reaction time of the calibration technician:
Sources of uncertainty:
2. The resolution of the DUT:
Typical Resolution
1/100 second
1/1000 second
Telephone Network
Ordinary or not ordinary land
DUT
DUT
Expanded uncertainty
(k = 2, approximately a 95 % level of 170
confidence)
Start Stop
Time Interval Reference
To begin the measurement, start the stopwatch and manually open the
gate of the counter at the same time.
The frequency should have a period at least one order of magnitude smaller than the
resolution of the stopwatch.
Stopwatch Resolution Period synthesized signal Frequency synthesized signal
0.01 s T < 0.001 s f > 1 kHz
0.001 s T < 0.0001 s f > 10 kHz
Advantages:
Partially eliminates the measurement uncertainty from human
reaction time.
Therefore has a lower measurement uncertainty than the direct
comparison method.
Disadvantages:
Requires more equipment than the direct comparison method.
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Method of Standard
Source of uncertainty Magnitude, ms evaluation Distribution uncertainty, ms
Combined uncertainty 24
Expanded uncertainty 47
(k = 2, approximately a 95 % level of confidence)
Start Stop
Time Interval Reference
“The crystal oscillators in these units are very small, low-power devices.
Their frequency can dramatically change if they are disturbed or
loaded down by the impedance of a frequency counter, and in some
cases they can even be destroyed by incorrect electrical connections”
The frequency counter time base must have been recently calibrated
and certified.
“A better solution is to have a traceable 5 MHz or 10 MHz signal that
can be used as an external time base for the frequency counter and all
other test equipment”
Time base
Calibrated or
Traceable external
Ref.
Read: L. Trigo and D. Slomovitz, "Calibración de cronómetros digitales por método de inducción,"
Advantages:
This method is also much faster.
Eliminates the uncertainty introduced by human reaction time.
Uncertainty can be reduced by at least two orders of magnitude when
compared to the direct comparison method, often to 1×10-6 or less.
Disadvantages:
Requires more equipment.
Does not easily work on some electrical, mechanical, or
electro-mechanical units.
It also does not test the functionality of the stopwatch or timer, only
the time base.
Important:
There is no uncertainty contributed by human reaction time.
The resolution uncertainty of the stopwatch calibrator is
insignificant compared to its accuracy specification.
Resolution uncertainty does not need to be considered, since
data are not observed from the DUT’s display.
Combined uncertainty 3
Expanded uncertainty 6
(k = 2, approximately a 95 % level of confidence)
Start Stop
Time Interval Reference
Measurement Error!!
Start Stop
Time Interval Reference
Measurement Error!!
Δt Δf Δt Δf
━ = -━ or ━ = ━
Τ f Τ f
Δt Δf
━ = ━
Τ f * Do not use negative sign!
Δf
━ = 7E-6 Hz/Hz
f
Δt Δf
Using: ━ = ━
Τ f
Δt = 7E-6 * 86400 s
Δt = 0.604 s @ 1 day
“Muito obrigado”
SIM TFWG
OBJETIVO
Presentar un procedimiento y método
para la calibración de Medidores de
Frecuencia de Acople Óptico (MFAO)
Ejemplo: Tacómetros.
ALCANCE
Abarca Medidores de Frecuencia de
Acople Óptico (MFAO) desde 0,5 Hz
hasta 250 kHz.
1. Fuente de iluminación
2. Pantalla LCD
3. Botón para registro en memoria
4. Compartimento de la batería atrás
5. Botón de medición
i
En donde:
i 1
Incertidumbre del
Resolución del MFAO
conjunto patrón
(Uores)
(UPat )
( i ) 2
S ( ) i 1
n 1
[email protected] January 27, 2015 77
Datos transferidos a la hoja de cálculo de Excel
Número de
00357 Identificación CMP-S1-001
Certificado
Objeto Tacómetro de acople óptico Modelo Photo/Contact Tachometer
Tipo de
Fabricante Traceable Unidades RPM Digital
visualización
Promedio
Referencia Objeto Desvío
del Objeto Error (RPM)
(RPM) (RPM) Estándar
(RPM)
50.0
50.0
1 50.00 50.0 49.98 -0.02 0.04
50.0
49.9
100.0
100.0
2 100.00 100.0 100.00 0.00 0.00
100.0
100.0
500.0
500.0
3 500.00 500.0 500.00 0.000 0.000
500.0
500.0
750.1
750.1
4 750.00 750.1 750.10 0.100 0.000
750.1
750.1
Nota 1: El error promedio del objeto representa la diferencia entre el valor del patrón de referencia (medida
convencionalmente verdadera) y la medida promedio indicada por el tacómetro, por lo tanto:
Error promedio del objeto = Lectura promedio del objeto – Lectura de referencia
- Condiciones Ambientales:
-Método de Calibración:
* La Circular T es un registro mensual que sustenta la trazabilidad del Patrón Nacional de Tiempo y
Frecuencia por medio de la comparación clave CCTF-K001.UTC, la cual calcula la escala de tiempo de
referencia UTC (Tiempo Universal Coordinado) en conjunto con los otros patrones primarios de tiempo y
frecuencia alrededor del mundo. La misma se encuentra publicada en la página del BIPM
http://www.bipm.org
Protocolo de calibración
Hoja de cálculo
Certificado de calibración.
“Muito obrigado”