CELLS

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● The cell is the basic unit of biological organization

● Basic composition
○ Protoplasm/cytoplasm
○ Cell membrane
○ Nucleus

Type Prokaryotes Eukaryotes

ORGANISM Bacteria Protist,fungi,plants,


animals

ORGANELLES few /none nucleus,


mitochondria,
endoplasmic
reticulum, etc

Circular / in the Linear / circular


DNA cytoplasm
Bounded by a
membrane

RNA and RNA and protein RNA synthesized in


PROTEIN synthesize in the the nucleus /
same compartment protein in the
cytoplasm

CELL DIVISION Binary fission Mitosis / meiosis

The Cell Membrane


PHYSIOLOGIC PROPERTIES OF CELL ● Double phospholipid layer with embedded proteins
1. Irritability / Excitability (TRILAMINAR)
2. Conductivity ● Membrane transport - selectively permeable membrane
3. Contractility ○ osmosis
4. Absorption And Secretion ○ protein channels
5. Excretion ○ active transport
6. Respiration ○ Fluid mosaic model
7. Growth And Reproduction
8. Organization

PRINCIPAL PARTS OF THE EUKARYOTIC CELL

1. CELL MEMBRANE
- Trilaminar
- Semipermeable
2. CYTOPLASM
- Colloidal
- with organelles, inclusions, and cytoskeleton
3. NUCLEUS
- with DNA in the form of:
a. heterochromatin (inactive)
b. euchromatin (active)

TRANSPORT PROCESSES ACROSS CELL MEMBRANE


Passive
● Simple Diffusion

A.Q.M - 22
○ Movement of solute from an area of high solute concentration to an area of low solute concentration
● Facilitated Diffusion
○ Movement of solute from an area of high solute concentration to an area of low solute concentration with a CARRIER
● Osmosis
○ Movement of solvent (WATER) from an area of LOW solute concentration to an area of HIGH solute concentration
● Filtration
Active
● Active Transport
○ Movement of solvent (WATER) from an area of LOW solute concentration to an area of HIGH solute concentration
● Endocytosis
○ Phagocytosis - ingestion and killing particles
○ Pinocytosis - cell takes in fluid and dissolve into smaller particle
● Exocytosis

Cytoplasm of the Cell


● Mostly water with chemical compounds in solution or colloid
○ Solution: atoms or ions distributed in medium
● Polar compounds go into solution
● Nonpolar compounds go into colloidal suspension
● With organelles, inclusions, cytoskeleton

ORGANELLES
1. MITOCHONDRIA (chondriosome)
2. RIBOSOMES
3. ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
a. Rough / Granular ER
b. Smooth / Non-granular ER
4. GOLGI COMPLEX (Dictyosomes)
5. LYSOSOMES
a. Primary lysosome
b. Secondary lysosome
c. Residual bodies
6. PEROXISOMES / MICROBODIES
7. MELANOSOMES
8. SECRETORY GRANULES

ORGANELLE FUNCTION IMAGE

A.Q.M - 22
Mitochondria Powerhouses of the cell

Cristae - inner folds where cellular respiration occurs

Synthesize ATP

Energy requirements of cell determine cristae


number

Also accumulate Ca+,synthesize nucleic acids and


proteins,oxidation of fatty acids

RIbosomes Distributed throughout cytoplasm

Attached to rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

No membrane covering

Site of protein synthesis ; free ribosomes- protein for


intracellular use

Endoplasmic System of membranes that makes up channels


Reticulum
Connects with outer nuclear and cell membranes

Types of ER

1. Rough: for protein synthesis attached


ribosomes - (protein-EXTRACELLULAR
USE)

2. Smooth: fat transport and sex hormone


synthesis,HCL

A.Q.M - 22
Golgi apparatus Collection of flat saclike cisternae

Concentration and collection of cellular compounds

Storage warehouses of the cell


Carbohydrate synthesis site “packaging”

Lysosome Digestive enzyme packages

With acid hydrolases

Lack oxidases and catalases

Function
- play role in cellular defense
- digest stored food
- maintenance and repair of organelles
- suicide agents for old or weak cells

Peroxisomes / CATALASE – converts H2O2 into H2O and O2


Microbodies
OXIDASE

Centrioles Centrosome - two centrioles at right angles to each


other

composed of nine sets of triplet fibers

Form spindle fibers during cell division

Guide duplicated chromosomes to daughter cells

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Cilia and Flagella Hairlike protrusions from cell membrane

Nine double fibrils around two single central fibrils

Cilia move materials across cell surface

Nucleus Control center of the cell

Nuclear membrane has pores to allow substances


passage

Chromatin - genetic material inside nucleoplasm

Nucleolus - site of ribosome formation

d.
Glial fibrillary protein- glial cells of nervous
INCLUSIONS system
1. GLYCOGEN e. Neurofilaments- neurons
2. LIPID 3. MICROTUBULES (25 nm in dia.)
3. PIGMENTS a. centrioles- determine polarity of cell
a. Exogenous b. basal bodies- anchoring points of cilia and
b. Endogenous flagella
i. Lipofuscin c. cilia – line respiratory tract
ii. Melanin d. flagella- tail of spermatozoa
iii. Hemoglobin
iv. Bilirubin
4. CRYSTALS CELL CYCLE
a. Crystals of Reinke
b. Crystals of Charcot-Bottcher

CYTOSKELETON
1. MICROFILAMENTS (7 nm in dia.)
2. INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS (10 nm in dia.)
a. Keratin- epithelial cells
b. Vimentin- mesenchymal cells
c. Desmin- muscle cells
A.Q.M - 22
- 18-24 hours
- inactive / resting phase
FOUR PHASES OF INTERPHASE
1. G1 (gap 1) phase
a. ( -) DNA synthesis
b. (+) RNA and protein synthesis
c. 30-50% of length of interphase
2. G0 phase
a. cells pull out of the cycle
3. S (synthesis) phase
a. DNA synthesis/replication
b. 35-45% of length of interphase
4. G2 phase
a. phase before onset of mitosis
b. 10-20% of length of interphase

KARYOTYPES
● 23 PAIRS
○ 22 pairs: autosomes
○ 1 pair: sex chromosome
■ XX : female
■ XY : male

INTERPHASE

MITOSIS MEIOSIS

Two daughter cells with exactly the same genetic material Four daughter cells with half the genetic material

Cellular division for growth, maintenance and repair Cellular division for reproduction

PHASES OF MITOSIS
1. prophase
- chromosomes progressively shorten and thicken to form
double structures
- nucleolus gradually disappears
- mitotic apparatus begins to form
- degeneration of the nuclear membrane

2. Metaphase
- chromatids align at the equatorial plane.

3. Anaphase
- separation of sister chromatids and migration towards
the opposite poles by the translocation of the spindle microtubules.

4. Telophase

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- nucleoli and nuclear membranes reappear at the opposite ends of the cell
- mitotic apparatus gradually disappears
- a purse string constriction of bands of microfilaments appear at the
-

A.Q.M - 22

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