CELLS
CELLS
CELLS
● Basic composition
○ Protoplasm/cytoplasm
○ Cell membrane
○ Nucleus
1. CELL MEMBRANE
- Trilaminar
- Semipermeable
2. CYTOPLASM
- Colloidal
- with organelles, inclusions, and cytoskeleton
3. NUCLEUS
- with DNA in the form of:
a. heterochromatin (inactive)
b. euchromatin (active)
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○ Movement of solute from an area of high solute concentration to an area of low solute concentration
● Facilitated Diffusion
○ Movement of solute from an area of high solute concentration to an area of low solute concentration with a CARRIER
● Osmosis
○ Movement of solvent (WATER) from an area of LOW solute concentration to an area of HIGH solute concentration
● Filtration
Active
● Active Transport
○ Movement of solvent (WATER) from an area of LOW solute concentration to an area of HIGH solute concentration
● Endocytosis
○ Phagocytosis - ingestion and killing particles
○ Pinocytosis - cell takes in fluid and dissolve into smaller particle
● Exocytosis
ORGANELLES
1. MITOCHONDRIA (chondriosome)
2. RIBOSOMES
3. ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
a. Rough / Granular ER
b. Smooth / Non-granular ER
4. GOLGI COMPLEX (Dictyosomes)
5. LYSOSOMES
a. Primary lysosome
b. Secondary lysosome
c. Residual bodies
6. PEROXISOMES / MICROBODIES
7. MELANOSOMES
8. SECRETORY GRANULES
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Mitochondria Powerhouses of the cell
Synthesize ATP
No membrane covering
Types of ER
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Golgi apparatus Collection of flat saclike cisternae
Function
- play role in cellular defense
- digest stored food
- maintenance and repair of organelles
- suicide agents for old or weak cells
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Cilia and Flagella Hairlike protrusions from cell membrane
d.
Glial fibrillary protein- glial cells of nervous
INCLUSIONS system
1. GLYCOGEN e. Neurofilaments- neurons
2. LIPID 3. MICROTUBULES (25 nm in dia.)
3. PIGMENTS a. centrioles- determine polarity of cell
a. Exogenous b. basal bodies- anchoring points of cilia and
b. Endogenous flagella
i. Lipofuscin c. cilia – line respiratory tract
ii. Melanin d. flagella- tail of spermatozoa
iii. Hemoglobin
iv. Bilirubin
4. CRYSTALS CELL CYCLE
a. Crystals of Reinke
b. Crystals of Charcot-Bottcher
CYTOSKELETON
1. MICROFILAMENTS (7 nm in dia.)
2. INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS (10 nm in dia.)
a. Keratin- epithelial cells
b. Vimentin- mesenchymal cells
c. Desmin- muscle cells
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- 18-24 hours
- inactive / resting phase
FOUR PHASES OF INTERPHASE
1. G1 (gap 1) phase
a. ( -) DNA synthesis
b. (+) RNA and protein synthesis
c. 30-50% of length of interphase
2. G0 phase
a. cells pull out of the cycle
3. S (synthesis) phase
a. DNA synthesis/replication
b. 35-45% of length of interphase
4. G2 phase
a. phase before onset of mitosis
b. 10-20% of length of interphase
KARYOTYPES
● 23 PAIRS
○ 22 pairs: autosomes
○ 1 pair: sex chromosome
■ XX : female
■ XY : male
INTERPHASE
MITOSIS MEIOSIS
Two daughter cells with exactly the same genetic material Four daughter cells with half the genetic material
Cellular division for growth, maintenance and repair Cellular division for reproduction
PHASES OF MITOSIS
1. prophase
- chromosomes progressively shorten and thicken to form
double structures
- nucleolus gradually disappears
- mitotic apparatus begins to form
- degeneration of the nuclear membrane
2. Metaphase
- chromatids align at the equatorial plane.
3. Anaphase
- separation of sister chromatids and migration towards
the opposite poles by the translocation of the spindle microtubules.
4. Telophase
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- nucleoli and nuclear membranes reappear at the opposite ends of the cell
- mitotic apparatus gradually disappears
- a purse string constriction of bands of microfilaments appear at the
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