IP SUBNETTING

&
ROUTING
IP Addressing and
Subnetting
 INTRODUCTION

• A network address is an identifier for a node or host on a

telecommunications network.
• Types of Addressing:
- Layer 2 – MAC Addresses (Media Access Control) is 48 bit
unique address
0134.2345.12AB A MAC Address
0134.23 Vendor Code
45.12AB Serial Number
- Layer 3 – Logical Addresses (IPv4 or IPX)
 BASICS OF AN IP ADDRESS
• Layer 3 (L3) Logical IP Addresses are comprised of 4 Octets (32 bits)
separated by a (.)
• The Decimal form of IP address looks like this:
176.223.14.127
• The Binary form looks like:

• Each of the 4 Octets has 8 Bits

• Each of these Bits has a “Binary Value ”
 Terminology

• Subnet MASK: A subnet mask is a 32-bit number used in IPv4 (or

128-bit for IPv6) that divides your IP address into network and host
portions.

• SUBNETTING: Subnetting is the process of creating a subnetwork

(also known as a subnet) within a network.

• VLSM: A VLSM (short for “variable length subnet mask”) is a

networking technique to divide an IP network into subnets with
different subnet masks.
IPv4 ADDRESS CLASSES
IPv4 ADDRESS CLASSES
DETERMINING NUMBER OF HOST
AVAILABLE
 TYPES of IPv4 ADDRESS
• Private IP - A private IP address, such as a home or office network, is assigned to a
device on a local network and is used to identify the device within that network
• Public IP - Public IP address is assigned to a device directly connected to the internet
and is used to identify the device on the internet. This IP are allocated to countries by the
Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) through Regional Internet registry (RIR).
The Indian Registry for Internet Names and Numbers (IRINN) is the National Internet
Registry in India. IRINN is entrusted with the task of coordinating IP address allocation
to ISP.
• Class A Private IP Address - 10.0.0.0 - 10.255.255.255
• Class B Private IP Address - 172.16.0.0 - 172.31.255.255
• Class B Private IP Address - 192.168.0.0 - 192.168.255.255
• Automatic Pvt IP Address(APIPA) - refers to a feature implemented in the Microsoft
Windows operating system that allows devices to automatically assign IP addresses to
themselves when they cannot get an IP address from a Dynamic Host Configuration
Protocol (DHCP) server.
• APIPA IP Address - 169.254.0.0
Decimal Equivalents of Bit Patterns
KNOW YOUR CIDR VALUES
 SUBNET EXAMPLE

1) Which subnet does host xxx belong to?

2) What is the first and last valid host on the subnetwork xxx?
3) What is the broadcast address of the network xxx yyyy?
4) How many subnets and hosts per subnet can you get from the network xxx yyy?
5) Subnetting when given a required number of networks
6) Subnetting when given a required number of hosts
7) Given an IP address & Subnet Mask, finding original network range
 SUBNET EXAMPLE
1) Which subnet does host 172.30.189.147/20 belong to?
Solution-
- Convert CIDR(/20) to Subnet Mask – 255.255.240.0
- Identify the octet with a value that’s not 255 or 0. In our example it is 3 rd octet.
- Subtract the 3rd octet value from 256
256-240 = 16 (This number is called Magic Number)
- Split the 3rd octet in the block size of the magic number “16”
0,16,32,48,64,80,96,112,128,144,160,176,192,208,224,240
- Find the range in which our IP 3rd octet value lies
- In our example 3rd octet contains 189 and it comes in range 176 and 192 so
Network Subnet – 172.30.176.0/20
First IP – 172.30.176.1
Last IP – 172.30.191.254
Broadcast IP – 172.30.191.255 (Last IP of Network)
This is the solution for Ques - 1,2 3 & 7
 SUBNET EXAMPLE
4) How many subnets and hosts per subnet can you get from the network 172.17.0.0/23?
Solution-
- Convert CIDR(/23) to Subnet Mask – 255.255.254.0
- Identify the octet with a value that’s not 255, and it’s not 0. In our example it is 3rd octet.
- Subtract the 3rd octet value from 256
256-240 = 2 (This number is called Magic Number)
- Split the 3rd octet in the block size of the magic number 16
0,2,4,6,8,10,12,14,16,18,20,22,24,26,28,30,32,34,36,38,40,42,44,46……etc
- Find the network with the help of block size
172.17.0.0, 172.17.2.0, 172.17.4.0, 172.17.6.0, 172.17.8.0, 172.17.10.0 …. etc
- In our example what is the First IP, Last IP and BC IP
Network Subnet – 172.17.0.0/23
First Usable IP – 172.17.0.1
Last Usable IP – 172.17.1.254
Broadcast IP – 172.17.1.255 (Last IP of Network)
- Total Number of Subnets – 256/magic number = 256/2 = 128
- Number of Host per subnet – 2N and Number of Usable Host per subnet – 2N -2, here N = 32-23=9
No of host per subnet = 29 = 512 and No of usable host per subnet = 29 - 2 = 510
 SUBNET EXAMPLE
5) Subnetting when given a required number of networks
Solution-
Suppose we are given a subnet 10.157.0.0/16 and our requirement is of 430
network. Here 16 bit is network part and 16 bit is host part
- Formula for this question 2N = 430
- As we know that 28 is 256 and 29 is 512 and 430 lie between 256 and 512. So
we plan to have 512 network.
2N = 512 or 2N = 29 or N = 9
- Now we borrow 9 bit from host bit into network bit and split the given subnet.
- Now Network Bit = 16 + 9 = 25 and Host Bit = 32-25 = 7
- Starting Network - 10.157.0.0/25
- Last Network - 10.157.255.128/25
- Total Number of usable Host per subnet = 27–2 = 128-2 = 126
 SUBNET EXAMPLE
6) Subnetting when given a required number of hosts
Solution-
Suppose we are given a subnet 10.157.0.0/16 and our requirement is of
130 host per subnet. Here 16 bit is network part and 16 bit is host part.
- Formula for this question 2N - 2 = 130 or 2N = 132
- As we know that 27 is 128 and 28 is 256 and 132 lie between 128 and 256.
So we plan to have 256 host per subnet.
- 2N = 256 or 2N = 28 or N = 8
- Now we borrow 8 bit from host bit into network bit and split the given
subnet.
- Now Network Bit = 16 + 8 = 24 and Host Bit = 32-24 = 8
- Starting Network - 10.157.0.0/24
- Total Number of usable Host per subnet = 28–2 = 256-2 = 254
 SUBNET QUESTION
1) You have the following address: 192.16.5.133/29 How many total bits are being used to identify
the network, and how many total bits identify the host?
2) What is the full subnet mask for address 172.16.5.10/28?
3) You currently use the default mask for your IP network 192.168.1.0. You need to subnet your
network so that you have 30 additional networks, and 4 hosts per network. Is this possible, and
what subnet mask should you use?
4) You still are using the default mask for your IP network 192.168.1.0. You need to subnet your
network so that you have 5 additional networks, and 60 hosts per network. Is this possible, and
what subnet mask should you use?
5) You have sub-netted your class C network 192.168.1.0 with a subnet mask of 255.255.255.240.
Please list the following: number of networks, number of hosts per network, the full range of the
first three networks, and the usable address range from those first three networks.
6) You have sub-netted your class C network 200.138.1.0 with a subnet mask of 255.255.255.252.
Please list the following: number of networks, number of hosts per network, the full range of the
first three networks, and the usable address range from those first three networks. Additionally,
identify the broadcast addresses for each network.
THANK YOU