Pavement Engineering

Pavement Design – CD 226

 Contents
1. Objectives of pavement design
2. Types of Pavements
3. Flexible Pavement
4. Rigid Pavement
5. Permitted Materials
6. Design
7. Design of Flexible Pavements
8. Design of Rigid Pavements
9. Example
10. Ending note/ Q&A

2 ©Jacobs 2023
 1. Design Objectives
 Layered material structure of varying thickness and material properties
 Main elements
i. Surface course
ii. Binder course
iii. Base layer
iv. Foundation

3 ©Jacobs 2023
2. Types of Roadway Pavements
Flexible Pavement Rigid Pavement

4 ©Jacobs 2023
 3. Flexible Pavement

Fully Flexible Flexible Composite

Asphalt Surface course Asphalt Surface course Asphalt Surface
course
Pavement

Asphalt Binder course Asphalt Binder course

Asphalt Base HBM mixture. (CBGM etc)

Foundation

Sub-base or Capping or CBGM or Stabilisation or Existing

Subgrade

Existing ground, Soil etc

5 ©Jacobs 2023
4. Rigid Pavement
Continuously Continuously Roller Unreinforce Jointed
Reinforced Reinforced Compacted d Jointed Reinforced
Concrete Concrete Base Concrete Concrete Concrete
Pavement (CRCB) (RCC) (URC) (JRC)
(CRCP)
Asphalt Surface course Asphalt Surface
Asphalt Surface course Unreinforced Jointed
(Min. 30mm) Min. course Min. Jointed Reinforced
Pavement

100mm 90mm Concrete Concrete

Asphalt Binder course Asphalt
(URC) (JRC)
Binder course
Continuously Reinforced
Concrete Pavement
Roller
(CRCP) Continuously Reinforced
Compacted
Concrete Base (CRCB)
Concrete
(RCC)
Foundation

Sub-base or Capping or CBGM or Stabilization or Existing

Subgrade

Existing ground, Soil etc

6 ©Jacobs 2022
5. Permitted Materials
A. Fully Flexible Pavements:

 Surface course materials are listed in CD 236.

 Thin Surface Course System (TSCS)
 Hot Rolled Asphalt (HRA)
 Stone Mastic Asphalt (SMA)
 Surface dressing
7 ©Jacobs 2022
5. Permitted Materials
B. Flexible Composite Pavements:

8 ©Jacobs 2022
5. Permitted Materials
B. Flexible Composite Pavements:

9 ©Jacobs 2022
5. Permitted Materials
C. Rigid Pavements:
1) continuously reinforced concrete pavement (CRCP)
2) continuously reinforced concrete base (CRCB)
3) roller compacted concrete (RCC)

 Design equations for unreinforced jointed concrete (URC) and jointed reinforced
concrete (JRC) rigid pavements are provided in this document and these pavement types
shall be used only for maintaining or widening existing jointed rigid pavements.
 Surface course materials are listed in CD 236.

10 ©Jacobs 2022
6. Design
CD 226 applications -
 On UK motorways & all purpose trunk roads
 For design of
 New carriageways
 Widening of existing carriageways
 Reconstruction of existing carriageways

11 ©Jacobs 2022
6. Design

 Where designing a pavement for a new carriageway, designs shall be carried out using a
minimum of three options covering the range of pavement types
 The design options should include flexible with an asphalt base, flexible with an HBM
base and at least one type of rigid pavement.
 Where on-line widening and/or upgrading of an existing pavement is being undertaken,
design should be undertaken using at least two options.

12 ©Jacobs 2022
7. Design of Flexible Pavements

13 ©Jacobs 2022
7. Design of Flexible Pavements
 Total thicknesses of asphalt shown include the thickness of the surface course.
 For flexible pavements with an asphalt base, the class 2 foundation line can be used with EME2 when
widening or reconstructing an existing pavement which has a class 2 foundation.
 Where traffic exceeds 80 msa, the coarse aggregate in all the asphalt materials shall contain only crushed rock
or slag.
 HBM Materials:

14 ©Jacobs 2022
 8. Design of Rigid Pavements
 CRCP & CRCB Design

15 ©Jacobs 2022
 8. Design of Rigid Pavements
 Thicknesses shown are for the concrete layer only; that is, they do not include the asphalt layers.
 Where a concrete surface is used in a CRCP design, its thickness is included in the total concrete design
thickness.
 ff denotes mean concrete flexural strength (N/mm2 or MPa) at 28 days measured in accordance with BS EN
12390-5.
 Figure 2.26 assumes presence of 1m edge strip or tied shoulder; otherwise increase concrete design thickness
by 30mm.
 Where a CRCP is designed with a TSCS, the TSCS shall have a minimum thickness of 30 mm. No binder
course is required.
 CRCB shall be designed with a total minimum asphalt thickness of 100 mm with the binder course selected
from one of the materials as below.

16 ©Jacobs 2022
 8. Design of Rigid Pavements
Reinforcement Design:

The CRCP/CRCB concrete layer shall contain both longitudinal and transverse steel reinforcement.
For CRCP:
transverse reinforcement: min Φ12 / 600mm
longitudinal reinforcement: min Φ16mm
area of longitudinal reinforcement ≥ 0.006Ac

For CRCB:
transverse reinforcement: min Φ12 / 600mm
longitudinal reinforcement: min Φ12mm
area of longitudinal reinforcement ≥ 0.004Ac

17 ©Jacobs 2022
 8. Design of Rigid Pavements

Longitudinal steel spacing:

To determine the spacing of longitudinal reinforcement:

Where:
s = maximum distance, centre to centre, between bars across the width of the slab (mm)
t = concrete design thickness (mm)
D = diameter of reinforcement (mm)
R = longitudinal reinforcement ratio (% of the cross-section area)

18 ©Jacobs 2022
 8. Design of Rigid Pavements
Rigid construction with roller compacted concrete (RCC):

19 ©Jacobs 2022
 8. Design of Rigid Pavements
Rigid construction with roller compacted concrete (RCC):
C40/50 concrete used in RCC is assumed to have the following characteristics:
1) flexural strength of 5.0 MPa;
2) modulus E = 50,000 MPa; and,
3) Poisson's Ratio = 0.20.
RCC pavements shall be designed with a total minimum asphalt thickness of 90 mm with the
binder course selected from one of the materials in Table 2.41.

20 ©Jacobs 2022
 9. Example
Flexible pavement with an HBGM base

Design factors:
1) design traffic = 60 msa;
2) foundation stiffness class 2.

Total asphalt thickness =180 mm

HBGM C Thickness=180 mm

21 ©Jacobs 2022
 9. Example
Flexible pavement with an asphalt base

Design factors:
1) design traffic >80 msa
2) foundation stiffness class 3

Total asphalt thickness =320 mm

AC 40/60 selected

22 ©Jacobs 2022
 9. Example
CRCB
Design factors:
1) design traffic of 200 msa
2) foundation stiffness class 3
3) design uses concrete with a
flexural strength of 4.5 MPa and
a 1-m edge strip.

Asphalt Thickness=100 mm
Concrete Base thickness=210 mm

CRCB designs require T12 longitudinal reinforcement at 0.4%.

s=(100x3.14x12x12)/(4x240x0.4) = 135mm

23 ©Jacobs 2022
 9. Example
CRCP
Design factors:
1) design traffic of 275 msa
2) foundation stiffness class 4
3) design uses concrete with a
flexural strength of 5.0 MPa and
No edge strip or tied shoulder.

Asphalt Thickness=30 mm
Concrete Base thickness=210 mm + 30mm =240mm

CRCP designs require T16 longitudinal reinforcement at 0.6%.

s=(100x3.14x16x16)/(4x240x0.6) = 140mm

24 ©Jacobs 2022
25 ©Jacobs 2022
Thank You