Design of Experiments by R. C. Baker: How To Gain 20 Years of Experience in One Short Week!
Design of Experiments by R. C. Baker: How To Gain 20 Years of Experience in One Short Week!
Design of Experiments by R. C. Baker: How To Gain 20 Years of Experience in One Short Week!
by
R. C. Baker
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Role of DOE in Process Improvement
• DOE is a formal mathematical method for
systematically planning and conducting
scientific studies that change experimental
variables together in order to determine their
effect of a given response.
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TERMINOLOGY
• Blocking – technique used to increase the
precision of an experiment by breaking the
experiment into homogeneous segments
(blocks) in order to control any potential
block to block variability (multiple lots of
raw material, several shifts, several
machines, several inspectors). Any effects
on the experimental results as a result of the
blocking factor will be identified and
minimized.
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TERMINOLOGY
• Confounding - A concept that basically means
that multiple effects are tied together into one
parent effect and cannot be separated. For
example,
• 1. Two people flipping two different coins would
result in the effect of the person and the effect of
the coin to be confounded
• 2. As experiments get large, higher order
interactions (discussed later) are confounded with
lower order interactions or main effect.
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TERMINOLOGY
• Factors – experimental factors or
independent variables (continuous or
discrete) an investigator manipulates to
capture any changes in the output of the
process. Other factors of concern are those
that are uncontrollable and those which are
controllable but held constant during the
experimental runs.
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TERMINOLOGY
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TERMINOLOGY
• Fixed Effects Model - If the treatment
levels are specifically chosen by the
experimenter, then conclusions reached
will only apply to those levels.
• Random Effects Model – If the treatment
levels are randomly chosen from a
population of many possible treatment
levels, then conclusions reached can be
extended to all treatment levels in the
population.
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PLANNING A DOE
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PLANNING A DOE
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PLANNING A DOE
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PLANNING A DOE
• Choose an appropriate experimental design
(relatively simple design and analysis methods are
almost always best) that will allow your
experimental questions to be answered once the data
is collected and analyzed, keeping in mind tradeoffs
between statistical power and economic efficiency.
At this point in time it is generally useful to simulate
the study by generating and analyzing artificial data
to insure that experimental questions can be
answered as a result of conducting your experiment
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PLANNING A DOE
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PLANNING A DOE
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FACTORIAL (2k) DESIGNS (k = 2):
GRAPHICAL OUTPUT
• Neither factor A nor Factor B have an effect
on the response variable.
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FACTORIAL (2k) DESIGNS (k = 2):
GRAPHICAL OUTPUT
• Factor A has an effect on the response
variable, but Factor B does not.
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FACTORIAL (2k) DESIGNS (k = 2):
GRAPHICAL OUTPUT
• Factor A and Factor B have an effect on the
response variable.
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FACTORIAL (2k) DESIGNS (k = 2):
GRAPHICAL OUTPUT
• Factor B has an effect on the response variable, but only if
factor A is set at the “High” level. This is called
interaction and it basically means that the effect one factor
has on a response is dependent on the level you set other
factors at. Interactions can be major problems in a DOE if
you fail to account for the interaction when designing your
experiment.
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2k DESIGNS (k > 2)
• As the number of factors increase, the
number of runs needed to complete a
complete factorial experiment will increase
dramatically. The following 2k design
layout depict the number of runs needed for
values of k from 2 to 5. For example, when
k = 5, it will take 25 = 32 experimental runs
for the complete factorial experiment.
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2k DESIGNS (k > 2)
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2k DESIGNS (k > 2)
factorEFFE CT
Y = (average of all responses) + [(
2
) * ( factorLEVE L)]
A
=Y ( )* A ( B )*B
2 2
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