Dystocia 102

Caesarean section : The cow
 Indication
– physical immaturity of the mother
– Failure of the uterine cervix fully to dilate
– Irreducible uterine torsion
– Preparturient recumbency
– acute reticuloperitonitis or pericarditis
– Shistosoma reflexus
– gross oversize of the fetus
– Pregnancy toxaemia
– gross swelling of the vagina and vulva
– Irreducible mal-presentation
– hydroallantois , hydrammnios
– mummified foetus
– Others diseases and complication
Position of the cow and
operative site
 Left paralumbar or Upper left
flank approaches
 Upper right flank laparotomy
 Ventral midline approach or
paramedian approach
 Ventrolateral oblique approach
Caesarean section
 Left flank
– Standing
– No omentum, intestine
– Reduce shock
– Good healing
Disadvantage
 More assistants
 Recumbency
 Fetal Delivery
Caesarean section
 Right flank
– Oversize fatal
– Standing
– Small incision
– One assitant
– Disadvantage
 Omentum & intestinal
 Restraint & infection
Caesarean section
 Ventral midline or paramedian
– Emphysema fetal
– Easy to find uterine horn
– Abnormally uterine content
– Disadvantage
 Intestine
 Lateral recumbency
Caesarean section
 Ventrolateral oblique approach
– lateral recumbency
– Vessels
Disadvantage
 Long incision
 Hernia
Fetotomy
Fetotomy
 Embryotomy
 Dividing foetus into small pieces
 Dead feotus
 Common in cattle
 Techniques
– Percutaneous
– Subcutaneoues
Indications
 Fetal maldisposition
 Fetopelvic disproportion
 Obstruction by hip-lock
 Caesarean section
– Fetotomny only in feotal

dead
– Caesarean section in foetal
alive
Fetotomy equipment
 Tubular embryotome
 Fetotomy wire
 Handles for wire
 Handle for embryotome
 Screw to tighten handle
 Introducer
 Threader
 Cleaning brush
Fetotomy
 Partial or complete
 Assistant
 Restraint
 Skills
 Technique
– Anterior presentation
Head-> forelegs-> thorax-> pelvis->
– Posterior presentation
Hind limbs -> body -> forelegs
Partial fetotomy
 Deviation of the neck
 Shoulder flexion
 Bilateral hip flexion (Breech presentation)
 Hock flexion
 Fetal monsters
Hip flexion
Hock flexion
Dystocia in the mare
 Incidence less than cattle
 4 % in Thoroughbred
 Common in Shetland ponies
Causes of dystocia
- Anterior presentation
- Posterior presentation
- Transverse presentation
Specific causes of equine dyctocia
 Uterine inertia
 Bony tissue obstruction
 Soft tissue obstruction
 Uterine torsion
 Downward deviation of the uterus
 Fetal monster
 Malpresentation
 Malposition
 Malposture
Dorsotransverse position
Dystocia in the sow
 Incidence 0.25-1.0 %
 Gilts or old sows
 Welsh gilts -> small pelvis
 Large white -> uterine inertia
Causes of dystocia
 Uterine inertia 37 %
 Obstruction of the birth canal 13 %
 Deviation of the uterus 9.5 %
 Maternal excitement 3%
 Fetal maldisposition 33.5 %
 Fetopelvic disproportion 4%
Uterine inertia
 Primary uterine inertia 20 %
– stillborn
 Secondary uterine inertia 49 %
 Idiopathic uterine inertia 31 %

– Fat sows
– Calcium
Treatments : oxytocin
Obstruction of the birth canal
 Bony tissue abnormality
 Soft tissue abnormality
– Distension of the urinary bladder
– Vulval abnormalities
– Persistent hymen
– Non-dilation of the cervix
– Obstruction of the uterine lumen
– Downward deviation of the uterus
Maternal excitement
 Gilts
 Delay or inhibit the farrowing process
 Late movement
 Innate nervousness
Treatments : azaperone IM 2 mg/kg

oxytocin 20 IU
Signs of dyctocia
 Discharge and placenta at the vulva
 Signs of imminent but no farrowing
 Straining but no piglets
 Premature cessation of labour
 Prolonged farrowing >½-4 hrs. (2.5 hrs.)
 Placenta
Dystocia in the dog and cat
 Incidence cat lower than dog
 Exotic breed
 Causes
 Uterine inertia 36 %
 Fetopelvic disproportion 22 %
 Fetal maldisposition 11 %
 Abnormalities of birth canal 9%
 Other causes 22 %
Failure of the expulsive forces
 Primary uterine inertia
– Scottish terrier
– Single pup syndrome and single kitten
– Hysteria  Cocker spaniels
 Secondary uterine inertia
– Abdominal muscle tone -> old or fat animals
Obstruction of the birth canal
 Bony abnormalities
- pelvic fracture -> accidents
- Scottish terrier
- Brachycephalic toy breeds
 Soft tissue abnormalities
– Deviation of uterus  Boxer
– Torsion of uterus
Fetal maldisposition
 Posterior presentation
– normal whelping 40 %
– Bilateral hip flexion
 Deviation of the head

– Long neck  Collies
– Long head  Sealyham and Scottish terrier
Fetopelvic disproportion
 Small breed
 Low litter size
 Yorkshire terrier
Fetal monster
- hydrocephalus
- Anasarca
- Conjoined twins
Diagnosis
 Examination of genital system
– Inspection of vulva
– Vaginal examination
– Abdominal palpation
– Abdominal auscultation/ Ultrasound
– X-rays
Treatment of dystocia
 Ecbolic therapy
 oxytocin 2-5 IU IM 20-30 minutes
 Calcium borogluconate 10% 5-15 ml slow IV
 Assisted delivery of the fetus

– Episiotomy
 Manual delivery
 Forceps delivery

Dystocia 102

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Dystocia 102

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Caesarean section : The cow

– Fetotomny only in feotal

 Idiopathic uterine inertia 31 %

Treatments : azaperone IM 2 mg/kg

 Deviation of the head

 Assisted delivery of the fetus

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