Ch.2 The OSI Model

Chapter 2: OSI Specifications
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Chapter 2 Objectives
The Following CompTIA Network+ Exam Objectives
Are Covered in This Chapter:
• 5.0 Industry standards, practices, and network

theory
• 5.1 Analyze a scenario and determine the
corresponding OSI layer
• • Layer 1 – Physical
• • Layer 2 – Data link
• • Layer 3 – Network
• • Layer 4 – Transport
• • Layer 5 – Session
• • Layer 6 – Presentation
• • Layer 7 – Application
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Chapter 2 Objectives
The Following CompTIA Network+ Exam
Objectives Are Covered in This Chapter:
• 5.2 Explain the basics of network theory and

concepts
• • Encapsulation/de-encapsulation
• • Modulation techniques
• o Multiplexing
• o De-multiplexing
• o Analog and digital techniques
• o TDM
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Internetworking Models
• In the late 1970s, the Open Systems Interconnection
(OSI) reference model was created by the
International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
to break through this barrier.
• The OSI model was meant to help vendors create
interoperable network devices and software in the
form of protocols so that different vendor networks
could work with each other.
• The OSI model is the primary architectural model for
networks. It describes how data and network
information are communicated from an application
on one computer through the network media to an
application on another computer. The OSI reference
model breaks this approach into layers.
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Advantages of Reference
Models
Advantages of using the OSI layered model include, but
are not limited to, the following:
• It divides the network communication process into
smaller and simpler components, thus aiding
component development, design, and troubleshooting.
• It allows multiple-vendor development through
standardization of network components.
• It encourages industry standardization by defining
what functions occur at each layer of the model.
• It allows various types of network hardware and
software to communicate.
• It prevents changes in one layer from affecting other
layers, so it doesn’t hamper development and makes
application programming easier.
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The OSI Model
• The OSI model has seven layers:

– Application (Layer 7)
– Presentation (Layer 6)
– Session (Layer 5)
– Transport (Layer 4)
– Network (Layer 3)
– Data Link (Layer 2)
– Physical (Layer 1)
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OSI Layer Functions
• File, print, message, database, and application services
Application
• Data encryption, compression, and translation services

Presentation
• Dialog control
Session
• End-to-end connection
Transport
• Routing
Network
• Framing
Data Link
• Physical topology
Physical
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The Upper Layers
• Provides a user interface
Application
• Presents data
Presentation • Handles processing such as encryption
• Keeps different applications’

Session
data separate
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
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The Lower Layers
Application
Presentation
Session
• Provides reliable or unreliable delivery

Transport
• Performs error correction before retransmit
• Provides logical addressing which routers use for path
Network
determination
• Combines packets into bytes and bytes into frames
Data Link • Provides access to media using MAC address
• Performs error detection not correction
• Moves bits between devices
Physical
• Specifies voltage, wire speed, and pin-out of cables
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Reliability
Reliable data transport employs a connection-oriented
communications session between systems, and the
protocols involved ensure that the following will be
achieved:
• The segments delivered are acknowledged back to
the sender upon their reception.
• Any segments not acknowledged are retransmitted.
• Segments are sequenced back into their proper
order upon arrival at their destination.
• A manageable data flow is maintained in order to
avoid congestion, overloading, and data loss.
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A Connection Oriented
Session
Sender Receiver
SYN
SYN/ACK
ACK
Connection Established
Data transfer
(Send bytes of Segments)
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Flow Control
Sender Receiver
Transmit
Buffer full
No ready –
STOP!
Segments
processed
GO!
Transmit
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Windowing Flow Control
Sender Receiver
Window size of 1
Send 1 Receive 1
Ack 1
Send 2 Receive 2
Ack 2
Window size of 3
Send 1
Send 2
Send 3
Ack 4
Send 4
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Acknowledgements
Sender Receiver
1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6
Send 1
Send 2
Send 3
Ack 4
Send 4
Send 5 Connection lost!
Send 6
Ack 5
Send 5
Ack 7
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Routing at Layer 3
3.0
1.0
3.1
1.1
2.1 2.2
1.3 3.3
E0 E0
S0 S0
3.2
1.2
Routing table Routing table
NET INT Metric NET INT Metric
1 E0 0 1 S0 1
2 S0 0 2 S0 0
3 S0 1 3 E0 0
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Routers at Layer 3
Internet
FastEthernet0/0
Serial0
WAN Services
FastEthernet0/1
Each router interface is a broadcast domain.

Routers break up broadcast domains by
default and provide WAN services
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Data Link Layer (Layer 2)
Logical Link Control (LLC)
Media Access Control (MAC)
802.11 802.3 802.2
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Data Encapsulation
PDU
Application
Presentation
Upper layer data
Session
TCP Header Upper layer data Segment Transport
IP Header Segment Packet Network
LLC Header Packet FCS

Frame Data Link
MAC Header Packet FCS
0101110101001000010 Bits Physical
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Summary
• Summary
• Exam Essentials Section
• Written Labs
• Review Questions
19

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Chapter 2: OSI Specifications

Instructor: • Click to edit Master subtitle

• 5.0 Industry standards, practices, and network

• 5.2 Explain the basics of network theory and

• The OSI model has seven layers:

• Data encryption, compression, and translation services

• Keeps different applications’

• Provides reliable or unreliable delivery

Send 5 Connection lost!

Routing table Routing table

NET INT Metric NET INT Metric

Each router interface is a broadcast domain.

Logical Link Control (LLC)

Media Access Control (MAC)

802.11 802.3 802.2

IP Header Segment Packet Network

LLC Header Packet FCS

0101110101001000010 Bits Physical

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