Design of Canal

IRRIGATION SYSTEM
TERMS COMMONLY USED

• IRRIGATION SYSTEM
- the instrumentality by which water is made available for irrigation.
- composed of irrigation and drainage facilities.
• NATIONAL IRRIGATION SYSTEM (NIS)

- system with an area of 1,000 hectares and above constructed and operated by the National Irrigation
Administration (NIA).
• COMMUNAL IRRIGATION SYSTEM (CIS)

– system with an area less than 1,000 hectares constructed by the NIA but turned over to the Irrigators
Associations (IAs) for operation and maintenance. The chargeable cost in to be amortized by the IAs for a period not to
exceed 50 years.
TERMS COMMONLY USED
• SERVICE AREA
– the area of an irrigation system that is presently provided with irrigation and drainage facilities and irrigation
and drainage service could already be rendered.
• IRRIGATED AREA
– the
total area within the service area of an irrigation system served in a particular year. This refers to the
area served during the wet season plus any area submerged during the wet season that is served in the dry season.
• BENEFITED AREA
– the actual portion of the service area of an irrigation system planted to crops during a particular cropping
season and where reasonable harvest was made.
• CROPPING INTENSITY (CI)

– the ratio of the area that can be irrigated by the available water supply from the source during the dry and wet
seasons and over that of the service area, expressed in percent.
TERMS COMMONLY USED
• RESTORED AREA
– the part of the service area where irrigation and drainage service could be resumed after the repair of
damaged facilities.
• REHABILITATED AREA
– the existing area of an irrigation system that has been reconstructed to its original operating condition.
• GENERATED AREA
– the area of an irrigation project wherein facilities have already been completed and which could
already be provided with irrigation and drainage service. This include only new areas that will be put under
irrigation and drainage.
• FIRMED-UP SERVICE AREA (FUSA)

– the actual area of an irrigation system that is presently provided with irrigation and drainage facilities.
IRRIGATION CANAL
COMPONENTS OF AN IRRIGATION SYSTEM
1. Diversion Works
2. Main Canal and Laterals
3. Canal Structures
4. Operation and Maintenance Roads
5. Main and Supplementary Farm Ditches
6. Main Drainage Canal and Farm Drains
2 TYPES OF IRRIGATION CANALS
1. Contour Canal
This type of canal has flat bed fall, more or less along falling
contour, crossing several natural drainages on its way and
service area on one side, thus forming one boundary of
the service area.
2. Ridge Canal
This type of canal runs along the ridge, its bed fall guided by
the slope of the ridge and limited by the maximum permissible
velocities for the material.
CANAL SYSTEM
• A canal can be defined as an open channel excavated and shaped to the required
cross section in natural earth or fill.
COMPONENTS OF IRRIGATION CANAL
1. Main Canal
- is the principal canal off-taking from storage or diversion work extending up
to the last lateral.
2. Lateral Canal
– It takes off from main canal to feed the main farm ditch
3. Sub-lateral Canal
– It takes off from lateral canal to supply the main farm ditch.
4. Main Farm ditch
– It receives water from Main canal, Lateral, sub-lateral and feeds the
supplementary farm ditch.
5. Supplementary farm ditch
– It takes off from main farm ditch to convey water to individual fields.
STRUCTURES ALONG THE CANAL SYSTEM
• 1. Head gates of Lateral
• 2. Thresher Crossing
• 3. Turnout
• 4. Road Crossing
• 5. Drainage Culvert
• 6. Siphon
• 7. Elevated Flume
• 8. Drop Structures
• 9. Foot Bridge
• 10. End Checks
RULES TO BE OBSERVED IN THE LOCATION AND
PROFILING OF IRRIGATION CANALS
1. Supply canals should follow the highest point in the land to be irrigated.
2. Drainage channels and creeks should not be used as irrigation canals as their function is to
carry drainage water .
3. Location of headgates of laterals and sub-laterals should be determined at the time the survey
of the canal or lateral is undertaken.
4. The traverse should be plotted with the profile of the canal lines in one sheet indicating
therein the pertinent survey data.
5. Test pits should be dug at the diversion canal where different soil types will be encountered.
6. The canal profile should be prepared in lengths of 2.40 km for every standard drawing sheet.
DESIGN OF IRRIGATION
NETWORKS
1. Design of Topographic Map should be 1:4000
2. Data to be indicated are as follows.
a. Contour lines every 25 cm. level for flat terrain, every 50 cm. level for
moderately steep area every 1 m. level for side hill.
b. Location of Diversion point with coordinates.
c. Alignment of main canals and lateral canals.
d. Alignment of main drainage canals and interceptor drains.
e. Location of canal structures indicating the type of structures and the stationing.
f. Location of turn-outs with stationing and alignment of MFD, SFD, and DD with
proper designations.
g. Service areas of each SFD and each rotation area
h. Quarry and disposal areas.
i. Bench marks.
j. Existing roads, service roads, connecting roads and access roads.
k. Residential areas and other non-irrigable area (coco plantation, high ground level,
second growth forest, swampy areas, etc.)
l. Tenant boundaries from cadastral map and boundary of service areas.
m. Natural waterways (river/creeks).
n. Legend
o. Index, if more than one (1) sheet.

DESIGN OF IRRIGATION NETWORKS:
a. One (1) Rotation Area
- an area supplied by one (1) Turn-
out
- 30-50 hectares
- MFD (Main Farm Ditch)
- 1,000 m/1 km. Length (max.)
- special rotation area
b. One (1) Rotation Unit

- an area supplied by a division box
- 8-12 hectares
- SFD (supplementary Farm Ditch)
TYPES OF CANAL SECTIONS:
● Trapezoidal earth canal

● Trapezoidal concrete-lined canal
● Rectangular open concrete canal
DESIGN CANAL ELEMENTS
Estimation for the capacity of the canal shall be based upon the area to be
irrigated, the water requirement, the distribution and farm losses, and the
canal conveyance losses.
CANAL HYDRAULICS
For the sake of simplicity, use Manning’s Formula for

open channel flow:
R2/3 * S1/2
V = n and Q = AV
Where: Q = Discharge in cu.m/sec.

A = Wetted area in sq. meter
R = Hydraulic radius in meters
S = Slope of canal
V = Velocity in meters per second
n = Coefficient of roughness
ROUGHNESS COEFFICIENT
Type of strata/ Condition of channel Roughness coefficient (n)
a) Unlined earth channels
1) clean, straight and uniform 0.225
2) above section after weathering 0.025

(Recommended for design)
3) sandy and gravelly strata 0.030
4) farm ditches 0.030
5) field drains 0.040
b) Unlined channels in rock
1) less uneven and fairly uniform 0.030 to 0.040
2) rough, irregular and uneven 0.040 to 0.050

c) Lined channels
1) cast in situ concrete lining 0.015 or 0.018
2) pre-cast concrete tile lining 0.020

PERMISSIBLE VELOCITY
Type of Material Maximum Vel. Permissible
Rock 1.5 to 2.0
Decomposed, disintegrated rock 1.2 to 1.5
Gravel with silt, sand 0.9 to 1.2
Clay, clay loam 0.6 to 0.9
Sandy loam, silt loam 0.6 to 0.8
Fine sand, loose sandy soil 0.3 to 0.6
Concrete lining 1.5 to 2.0

SIDE SLOPES
For trapezoidal canals:

- 1.5:1 for most earth materials
- 0.25:1 or 0.5:1 for rock or hard pan
- 1:1 for hard materials that may become unstable
materials when exposed after excavation (can be
provided with concrete lining if necessary)
FREEBOARD
Since d is more than 2m adopt:
FB = 0.25d + 0.30
D = d + FB ( Freeboard )
Since d is less than 2m adopt:
FB = 0.40(d)
D = d + FB ( Freeboard )
If FB is less than 0.30 m.; Adopt minimum w/c is 0.30 m.

STANDARD SERVICE ROAD OF CANALS
DISCHARGE Service Roads
cms (Q) TL (m) TR (m)
0.05 to 0.30 1.00 3.00
0.31 to 1.00 1.00 4.00
1.01 to 3.00 1.50 4.00
3.01 to 5.00 2.00 4.00
5.01 to 10.00 2.50 4.00
10.05 to 30 4.00 6.00
More than 30.00 cms 4.00 7.00
B/D RATIO FOR EARTH OR UNLINED CANAL
Channel Discharge RANGE OF B/D RATIO
Q, cms (Unlined Section)
0.10 1.00 to 2.50
0.50 1.25 to 3.00
1.00 1.50 to 3.50
2.00 2.00 to 4.00
5.00 2.50 to 4.50
10.00 3.00 to 5.50
15.00 3.50 to 6.00
20.00 3.75 to 6.50
25.00 4.00 to 7.00
50.00 4.50 to 9.00
75.00 5.00 to 10.50
100.00 5.50 to 11.50
B/d RATIO FOR CONCRETE LINED CANALS
Ss (Side Slope) B/d Ratio (M)

Vertical (0:1) 2.0
1:1 0.85
1.5:1 0.60
Sample Computation: Concrete Lined Canal
Given:
Q = 0.32 cms
n = 0.015
s = 0.0003
Ss = 1:1
Solution:
1. Try d
From the formula:
Qn = _____(r + 2)5/3
d8/3 S1/2 [r + 2 √1 + z2 ]2/3

Where:
n = 0.015
s = slope of canal
Q = discharge
r =b=1
d
z = side slope = 1:1
By substitution:
Trial d=[ Q ]
3/8
[ 86.50 S1/2 ]
Try d = [ 0.32 ]
3/8
= [ 0.32 ] 3/8
[86.50 S1/2]
[86.50 (0.0003)1/2]
= 0.56
2. b=d
b = 0.60 (rounded to the nearest tenth)
3. Compute for A (Area of canal)
A = d2 + bd
= (0.562) + (0.60)(0.56)
= 0.6496
Area of canal:
A = [ b + b + 2d ] d
[2]
= [ 2b + 2d ] d
[2]
A = bd + d2
Wetted Perimeter:
P = b + 2 √d2 + d2
= b + 2 √2d2 =b+
2(1.414d)
= b + 2.828d
4. Compute for P (wetted perimeter)
P = 2.828d + b
= 2.828(0.56) + 0.60
= 2.18368
5. Compute for R (Hydraulic radius)

R =A = 0.6496
P 2.18368
= 0.297
R2/3 = 0.4456
6. Compute for V (Velocity of Canal)
Using Manning’s Formula:
V = 1 R2/3 S1/2
n
= 1 (0.4456)(0.0003)1/2
0.015
= 0.51 mps
Minimum velocity = 0.30

Maximum velocity = 2.00 m/s for concrete lined
= 1.00 m/s for
Earth lined
7. Compute for Q (discharge)
Q = AV
= (0.51)(0.6496)
= 0.33 > 0.32
Try another value of d
1. Try d = 0.55
2. b = 0.60
3. A = d2 + bd
= (0.552) + (0.55)(0.60)
= 0.6325
4. P = 2.828d + b
= 2.828(0.55) + (0.60)
= 2.1554
5. R= A = 0.6325
P 2.1554
R = 0.293
R2/3 = 0.4416
½ ½
6. V= 1 R 2/3 S = 1 (0.4416) (0.00030) = 0.51
n 0.015
7. Q = AV = (0.6325)(0.51)
= 0.322 ≈ 0.32
8. Checking
dc = 0.31 < 0.55

SAMPLE COMPUTATION: VERTICAL CANAL
SAMPLE COMPUTATION: EARTH LINED CANAL
1. WS – d = CB
2. CB + D = TB
3. T = berm min width 0.60 m
T = varies if there is an introduction of a road
either left or right side of the canal
Canal Elements
Q = discharge in cu.m/sec
V = velocity in m/sec
A = Area of canal section, sq.m
b = base of canal, m
d = depth of water in the canal, m
D = d + freeboard (min. freeboard 0.30 m)
R = hydraulic radius
S = slope/gradeline of canal
Ss = slide slope
n = coefficient of friction
DRAINAGE CANAL
PURPOSE OF MAIN DRAINAGE CANALS AND

FARM DRAINS
- To remove surplus rainfall, excess irrigation water, and
seepages from the farm lots.
COMPONENTS OF DRAINAGE
CANAL
Main Drainage Channels
- natural waterways designed as channel or outlet of all drainage
water.
Secondary Drainage Channels
- natural waterways or man-made
Farm drains
- serves a rotation area
- it takes care of the surface waste and run-off.
Design Considerations for Drainage Channels
1. All drainage channels shall have a side slope of 1:1 or flatter depending on
the soil condition.
2. The discharge shall be determined by computing the velocity using
Manning’s Formula and adopting the value of 0.04 for the coefficient of
roughness, n.
3. The design discharge to be used for the various stretches of the drainage
channel shall be calculated using the same drainage module as in the
drainage ditches increasing in magnitude due to increase in catchment
area as the channel goes downwards.
4. The minimum and maximum velocity shall be 0.40 m/sec. and 1.20 m/sec,
respectively.
5. To facilitate operation and maintenance work, one embankment should be
made wide enough to become a roadway and by utilizing the excavated
materials from the channel.
DRAINAGE CANAL
Design Considerations for Drainage Ditches
1. Drainage ditches shall be located at the lowest portion of Turnout Service
Farms or at the ends of supplementary farm ditches and they should
extend to larger man-made drainage channels or existing waterways.
2. Designed bed level of a farm drain shall be a minimum of 60 centimeters
below the ground surface adjacent to it or about 70 centimeters if the
lowest area to be drained is further away from the drainage canal.
3. Bed Width and Water Depth – The minimum bed width and water depth
shall be 30 centimeters, except that the depth shall be calculated according
to flow quantities.
4. Velocity and Side Slope – Velocities in drainage ditches shall be computed
using Manning’s n = 0.04 with side slope of 1 horizontal to 1 vertical.
Flatter side slope may be used for soils with weak shearing strength. The
minimum velocity shall be 0.40 m/sec.
FARM DRAIN
THANK YOU!!...

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Design of Canal

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IRRIGATION SYSTEM

TERMS COMMONLY USED

• NATIONAL IRRIGATION SYSTEM (NIS)

• COMMUNAL IRRIGATION SYSTEM (CIS)

• CROPPING INTENSITY (CI)

• FIRMED-UP SERVICE AREA (FUSA)

2. Data to be indicated are as follows.

b. Location of Diversion point with coordinates.

c. Alignment of main canals and lateral canals.

d. Alignment of main drainage canals and interceptor drains.

h. Quarry and disposal areas.

j. Existing roads, service roads, connecting roads and access roads.

l. Tenant boundaries from cadastral map and boundary of service areas.

m. Natural waterways (river/creeks).

o. Index, if more than one (1) sheet.

b. One (1) Rotation Unit

● Trapezoidal earth canal

For the sake of simplicity, use Manning’s Formula for

Where: Q = Discharge in cu.m/sec.

1) clean, straight and uniform 0.225

2) above section after weathering 0.025

1) less uneven and fairly uniform 0.030 to 0.040

2) rough, irregular and uneven 0.040 to 0.050

1) cast in situ concrete lining 0.015 or 0.018

2) pre-cast concrete tile lining 0.020

Rock 1.5 to 2.0

Decomposed, disintegrated rock 1.2 to 1.5

Gravel with silt, sand 0.9 to 1.2

Clay, clay loam 0.6 to 0.9

Sandy loam, silt loam 0.6 to 0.8

Fine sand, loose sandy soil 0.3 to 0.6

Concrete lining 1.5 to 2.0

For trapezoidal canals:

Since d is more than 2m adopt:

Since d is less than 2m adopt:

If FB is less than 0.30 m.; Adopt minimum w/c is 0.30 m.

Ss (Side Slope) B/d Ratio (M)

d8/3 S1/2 [r + 2 √1 + z2 ]2/3

5. Compute for R (Hydraulic radius)

Minimum velocity = 0.30

dc = 0.31 < 0.55

PURPOSE OF MAIN DRAINAGE CANALS AND

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