EQUILIBRI

UM
CHAPTER 2
COE 105 PHYSICS FOR ENGINEERS
An EQUILIBRIUM POINT for an object is a point where the
net force on the object is zero.
Static equilibrium is a state of equilibrium in which the net external
force and torque acting on a system is zero.
Dynamic equilibrium a state of equilibrium in which the net
external
force and torque on a system moving with constant velocity are
Static equilibrium
zero.
States of Static Equilibrium

 Stable Equilibrium
(FIG 3.2a)
 Unstable Equilibrium
(FIG 3.2b)
 Neutral Equilibrium
(FIG 3.2 c)
FORCE
A force is a pull or push, which produces motion or
tends to stop motion.
Effects of applying a force:
1.To alter the dimension or shape of the object
on which the force acts
2.To alter the state of motion of the body.

MOTION
A motion is the phenomenon in which an object changes
its position over time.
Newton’s First Law of Motion
LAW OF INERTIA
“An object continues in a state of rest or in a state of motion at a
constant speed along a straight line, unless compelled to change
that state by a net force or unbalanced force.”
Newton’s First Law of Motion
 Newton’s Second Law of
Motion
LAW OF
ACCELERATION
“The acceleration of an object as produced by a net force is directly
proportional to the magnitude of the net force, in the same direction as
the net force and inversely proportional to the mass of the object.”
Newton’s Third Law of Motion
LAW OF
INTERACTION
“for every action there is an equal but opposite reaction,
and these forces are acting at common point.”

In the given diagram, Fr = Fh andFR= FB follows Law of interaction

but not Fh = FB.
where:
Fh = force applied by the hand on the rope
Fr = force oppose by the rope on the hand
F = force offered by the rope on the block of wood
NORMAL FORCE AND WEIGHT
Normal Force, FN is the force exerted
by one surface on another in contact
with it. It is always perpendicular to
the contact area.

Weight, W is the force of gravity

acting on an object due to its mass.
TENSION FORCE

The tension force is defined as

the force that is transmitted
through a rope, string or wire
when pulled by forces acting from
opposite sides. The tension
force is directed over the length of
wire and pulls energy equally on
the bodies at the ends.
 COMPRESSION FORCE
The compression force or compressive force is an
internal reaction of a rigid body to an external
pushing force being exerted on the body opposing
the tension force.
FRICTIONAL FORCE or
FRICTION
Friction refers to an actual force that arises to oppose
relative motion between contacting surfaces.
Static Frictional Force is the force exerted on the
surface by another when there is no motion between
the two surfaces.
fsmax =ms F
N
where: ms = coefficient of static
friction
Coefficient of FN = normal
Static Friction force
(ms) is the
ratio of the
magnitude of two forces static friction force and
normal force and is therefore unit less.
Static Frictional Force (fs)
Kinetic Frictional Force also known as dynamic
or sliding friction is a force that acts between
moving surfaces. An object that is being moved
over a surface will experience a force in the
opposite direction as its movement.

fkmax =mk FN
where: mk = coefficient of kinetic friction
FN = normal force
TABLE 2.1Coefficients of Frictions
ms mk
steel on steel 0.74 0.57
aluminum on steel 0.61 0.47
copper on steel 0.53 0.36
rubber on concrete 1.0 0.80
wood and wood 0.25-0.50 0.20
glass on glass 0.94 0.40
metal on metal (lubricated) 0.15 0.06
Waxed wood on wet snow - 0.04
Ice on ice 0.10 0.03
FIRST CONDITION OF
EQUILIBRIUM
F = 0;
Fx = 0; Fy = 0; Fz = 0
 Sample Problem

The sign hangs outside the

physics classroom. The sign is
supported by a diagonal cable and
a rigid horizontal bar. If the sign
has a mass of 50.00 kg, then
determine the tension in the
diagonal cable that supports its
weight and the compression force
in the rigid horizontal bar.
FREE BODY DIAGRAMS:
To solve rigid body problems, we use Free Body Diagrams
(FBD).
 Sample Problem

A crate of weight 500N

is hung by means of two
cables which make 55
deg and 32 deg with the
horizontal. Find the
tension in the cable.
Sample Problem

Given three objects of

weights W1, W2 and W3 as
shown in the illustration.
The system is in
equilibrium. If W1=60lbs,
determine the values of W2
and W3.
RECITATION

IN THE FIGURE
SHOWN, THE
TENSION IN THE
HORIZONTAL
CORD IS 30 N.
FIND THE WEIGHT
AND THE TENSION
IN CORD 1 AND 2.
RECITATION

STRUT AB IS PIVOTED AT END

A, ATTACHED TO A WALL BY A
CABLE AND IS CARRYING A
LOAD w=10 N AT END B. THE
WEIGHTS OF THE STRUT AND
THE CABLE ARE NEGLIGIBLE.
FIND THE FORCE EXERTED BY
THE INCLINED AND VERTICAL
CABLES AND THE FORCE
EXERTED BY THE PIVOT.
 RECITATION

THE CRATE WEIGHING 400 lbs IS SUPPORTED BY

THREE ROPES CONCURRENT AT B.
A] FIND THE FORCES IN ROPES AB AND BC IF

P = 460 lbs.
B] FIND THE SMALLEST VALUE OF P FOR
WHICH THE CRATE WILL BE IN
EQUILIBRIUM IN THE POSITION SHOWN.
 Sample Problem
An 84-kg container box is resting
on the wooden support, as shown
in the drawing. The coefficient of
static friction between the box and
the support top is 0.55. What is the
maximum mass (m) of the hanging
box for which the system will
remain at rest? Assume a
frictionless pulley.
Sample Problem

A weight of the block of wood in the

illustration is 96.5N The coefficient of
static friction between the block of
wood and vertical wall is 0.45. What
minimum force (Fm) is required to

(a)prevent the block from sliding

down the wall (Fm=89.58 N)
(b)start the block moving up the wall.
(Fm=172.0 N)
RECITATION

The 800.0 kN crate shown is in

contact with a 45.0 o incline
plane. The coefficient of static
friction is 0.25. Compute the
value of the horizontal force P
necessary to just to start the
crate up the incline plane.
ANS: P=1,333.33 kN
RECITATION

THE SYSTEM IN THE

FIGURE REMAINS AT
REST IF THE HANGING
WEIGHT IS 220 N. WHAT
IS THE MAGNITUDE OF
THE FRICTION FORCE (fs),
Normal Force(Fn) and
coefficient of static friction
(m) ON THE 200-N BLOCK?
 MOMENT OF FORCE
TORQUE is the tendency of a force to cause an object to
rotate or turn. It is the product of the magnitude of the
force and moment arm/lever arm.

t= F x l
SIGN CONVENTION:
Where: t = torque about an axis
F = applied force
l = moment arm/lever arm
SAMPLE PROBLEM NO.1
CALCULATE THE SUM OF
MOMENTS AT POINT a AND
b.
 SECOND CONDITION OF
EQUILIBRIUM
t=0
“The sum of the clockwise moments
or torque about any axis equals the
sum of the counterclokwise moments
or torques about that axis.”
SAMPLE PROBLEM NO.
2
A diver whose weight is 735.0 N is
posed at the right end of a diving
board, whose length is 3.00 m. The
board has a negligible weight and is
bolted down at the left and while
being supported 1.2 m away by a
fulcrum. Determine the forces Fb and
Ff that bolt and the fulcrum exert on
the board.
 SAMPLE PROBLEM NO.
3

A horizontal uniform beam

AB, 4.0 m long and
weighing 150.0 N, is
supporting a weight of 250.0
N as shown. What is
(a) the tension in the rod, T;
(b) Hinge reaction
components, Rhx and Rhy?
SAMPLE PROBLEM NO.
4
A uniform 10.0m long, 50.0
N ladder rests against a
smooth vertical wall. If the
ladder is just on the verge of
slipping when it makes a
50.0o angle with the ground,
find the coefficient of static
friction between the ladder
and ground.
 SAMPLE PROBLEM NO.
5
A uniform 8.00 m ladder of weight,
WL = 400.0 N leans against a
smooth vertical wall. A painter,
whose weight, WP= 900.0 N stands
6.70 m from the bottom of the
ladder. Assume that the weight of
the ladder acts at the ladder’s
center and neglect the weight of the
paint. Determine the forces that the
wall and the ground exert on the
ladder.
SAMPLE PROBLEM NO.
6

In the truss figure

below, Find the
reactions at the
supports.
 SAMPLE PROBLEM
NO. 7

Determine the horizontal and

vertical components of the
reaction on the beam caused
by the pin at A and the roller
support at B. Neglect the
weight of the beam.
 SAMPLE PROBLEM
NO. 8
A 4-m bar of negligible
weight rests in a horizontal
position on the rough planes
shown in the figure. If the
angle of friction is 15.0
Compute the distance x at
which load T = 10 kN should
be placed from point B to
keep the bar horizontal.
(ANSWER: x=1.91 m)
RECITATION
 RECITATI
ON

The man is holding up the 35-kg ladder ABC

by pushing perpendicular to the ladder. If
the maximum force that the man can exert is

400N, determine the vertical and horizontal

reaction force at A and the smallest angle θ
at which he can support the ladder.
 RECITATI
The ON
diagram shows part of a crane which has a uniform rigid boom of length 20.0 m and
weighs 500 N. The lower end of the boom is hinged at P and its upper end is fixed to a
support cable, the length of which is varied by operating a motor. At the instant shown,
when the crane is lifting a load of weight 3.0 kN, θ = 400 and ф = 300. a). Determine the
tension T in the support cable at this instant and b). the reaction R ( with horizontal Rx
and vertical Ry components) at the hinged P. Express answers in kN.
ANSWERS: T=4.98 kN, Rx= 4.90 kN, Ry=4.36 kN
 RECITATI
ON
A steel beam weighs 100 kg and is lifted
at its left end by a cable passing through a
smooth pulley whose position is 2m above
the left end of the beam which is 6m long.
If the beam is on the point of slipping
when it makes an angle of 60 degrees
from the horizontal, find the tension of the
cable and the coefficient of friction
between the beam and the horizontal
plane. (ANS: T=253.9 N m=0.22)
Center of Gravity. The force of gravity on solid
can be considered to act at a single point called
the center of gravity (cg). It is the point at which
the weight can be considered to act when
calculating the torque due to the weight. It is
also the point at which the weight is
concentrated.
Ways of Finding the Center of Gravity of Regular or Irregular shape
object:
 Plumb Line Method. Suspend the object from any two close
locations and drop plumb lines from the suspension points. The
intersection of the two lines is the center of mass.

 Analytical Method (using the torque and equilibrium concepts)

 Analytical Method

A1x1 + A2x2 + A3x3 + …..

t
xcg = = A1 + A2 + A3 ……
A
A1y1 + A2y2 + A3y3 + …..
t
ycg = = A1 + A2 + A3 ……
A
 SAMPLE PROBLEM #1

Determine the center of gravity of

the L-shape glass as shown:
SAMPLE PROBLEM #2

Given a figure of metallic square

sheet of uniform thickness of having
a dimensions of 50.00 cm x 50.00
cm with a small circular portion cut
from it. This portion has a diameter
of 15 cm and has its center located
15 cm from the side of the sheet.
Point the center of gravity of the
remaining portion.
ANS: CG (24.24 cm, 24.24 cm)
HINT: ATX= A(square)X1 - A(circle)X2
ATY= A(square)Y1 - A(circle)Y2
SAMPLE PROBLEM #3

Determine the location of the center

of gravity of the object of uniform
dimension.
HINT: ATX= A(l-shape)X1 - A(hollow
rectangle)X2
ATY= A(l-shape)Y1 - A(hollow
rectangle)Y2
RECITATION

Determine the location of the centroid

of the plane regions shown.
(Dimensions in mm)
ANS. (32.8mm, 79.2mm)
RECITATION

Determine the location of the centroid

of the shaded part shown.
SAMPLE PROBLEM #5

Determine the location of the center of

gravity of the object shown.
THE ALUMINUM PULLEY A IS SHRUNK ONTO THE STEEL SHAFT B. DETERMINE THE
X-COORDINATE OF THE MASS CENTER OF THE ASSEMBLY.
USE ρ= 2660 kg/m3 FOR ALUMINUM
AND ρ = 7850 kg/m3 FOR STEEL.
WHAT WEIGHT WC IS NECESSARY TO START THE
SYSTEM OF BLOCKS SHOWN IF THE BLOCKS SLOW
MOVING AT CONSTANT SPEED TO THE RIGHT? THE
COEFFICIENT OF FRICTION IS 0.150 ON ALL
SURFACES, AND THE PULLEYS ARE ASSUMED TO BE
FRICTIONLESS.
3. THE SYSTEM OF PULLEYS AND KNOTTED CORDS SHOWN BELOW AS
FIGURE 4 SUPPORTS THE INDICATED WEIGHTS. DETERMINE THE
A). TENSION ON EACH CORD,
B). THE WEIGHT OF THE HANGING LOAD W, AND

C). THE ANGLE θ THE CORD MAKES WITH THE HORIZONTAL.

THE TRUSS FIGURE SHOWN IS PINNED TO THE
WALL AT POINT F,AND SUPPORTED BY A ROLLER
AT POINT C. CALCULATE THE REACTIONS AT THE
SUPPORTS.
FIVE FORCES ARE ACTING ON THE MESH AS SHOWN
IN THE FIGURE BELOW. DETERMINE THE LEVER ARM
OF EACH FORCE AND THE RESULTANT TORQUE
PRODUCED BY THE GIVEN FORCES RELATIVE TO THE
AXES OF ROTATION (A) A AND (B) B.
A LADDER 20M LONG WEIGHS 40kN AND ITS
CENTER OF GRAVITY IS 8m FROM THE BOTTOM.
THE LADDER IS PLACED AGAINST A ROUGH
VERTICAL WALL SO THAT IT MAKES ANG ANGLE OF
60o WITH THE GROUND. HOW FAR UP THE LADDER
CAN A 160kN MAN CLIMB BEFORE THE LADDER IS
ON THE VERGE OF SLIPPING? THE ANGLE OF
FRICTION AT ALL CONTACT SURFACES IS 15o.
DETERMINE THE CENTER OF GRAVITY, CG (X,Y)
OF THE IRREGULAR OBJECT BELOW
DETERMINE THE LOCATION OF THE CENTER OF GRAVITY CG (x̄ , y̅ ) OF
THE METAL PLATE SHOWN.