Chem

CHEMISTRY
INVESTIGATORY PROJECT
TOPIC: Methods of purification of water
BEACON HIGH SCHOOL

ASMI GUPTA
XI
(PCM)
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that___________________ , a student of
class
XI has successfully completed the research on the
project_______________________________________
under the guidance of (Subject teacher) during the year 2023-
24 in partial fulfilment of Mathematics Practical Examination
conducted by CBSE.
Examiner’s Signature Principal’s Signature Teacher’s Signature

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my Chemistry
teacher –Ms.--, as well as our Principal Ms. Vishakha Gupta
who gave me the opportunity to do this wonderful project on the
Topic
………………………………………………………………………………
…..
............................................. , which also helped me in doing a lot of
research
work and come to know about so many new things.
Secondly, I would also like to thank my parents for their generous support
and
friends who helped me a lot in finishing this project within the given time.
This project would not have come so far without support from the people I
mentioned before. I’m indebted to you all.
I believe that this small project will make a significant impact by inspiring
someone else to continue my research.
Thank you!
INDEX
1. CERTIFICATE OF EXCELLENCE
2. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
3. INTRODUCTION
5. PRACTICAL METHODS
6. CONCLUSION
7. BIBLIOGRAPHY
INTRODUCTION
• AIM- To study the methods of purification of water.
• Objectives:
• • To study level of purity achieved by using different
methods of purification.
• • To study advantages and disadvantages of using different
method for purification.
• • To know about specific uses of pure water.
• Introduction:
Purity of water obtained from different natural sources is
different. The type of contamination and impurity present
depends upon the source from which water is obtained.
Besides drinking purposes, we require pure water for various
other purposes e.g.in chemical analysis. There are various
methods for the purification of water. these remove impurities
and contamination to different extent. There are some
advantages and disadvantages in using these methods.
Comparison of various methods of purification will provide an
idea about obtaining water of specific purity for a specific
purpose
METHOD 1
BOILING
- Boiling water is used as a method of making it potable by killing
microbes and viruses that may be present. The sensitivity of different
micro-organisms to heat varies, but if water is held at 100°C (212°F)
for one minute, most micro-organisms and viruses are in activated. In
places having proper water purification system, it is
recommended only as an emergency treatment method or for
obtaining potable water in the wilderness or in rural areas, as it
cannot remove chemical toxins or impurities. The traditional advice
of boiling water for ten minutes is mainly for additional safety,
since microbes start getting eliminated at temperatures greater
than 60° (140°F) and bringing it to its boiling point is also a
useful indication, the water is disinfected.
METHOD 2
REVERSE OSMOSIS
Reverse Osmosis is a water purification process that uses a
semi-permeable membrane to filter out unwanted molecules and
large particles such as contaminants and sediments like chlorine,
salt, and dirt from drinking water. In reverse osmosis, an
applied pressure is used to overcome the osmotic pressure and
push the water from high concentration to low concentration of
contaminants. This means it’s being forced in reverse and the
contaminated water is trying to move into the pure water, but
because it must pass through a filter first, the contaminants get
trapped and only the pure water passes through; resulting in
the cleanest possible drinking water. Reverse osmosis differs
from carbon filtration in that it can rid the water of up to
99.9% of all contaminants and sediments, or particles as
small as 1 micron. It would be best to get a reverse
osmosis filtration system to safeguard that your water is
contaminant-free.
METHOD 3
DISTILLATION
- Distillation is a water purification process involving collecting
the condensed water after evaporation, ensuring that water is
free of contaminants. Distillation is one of the oldest methods
of water treatment. It can effectively remove many contaminants
from drinking water, including bacteria, inorganic and many
organic compounds. Distillation is a process that relies on
evaporation to purify water. Contaminated water is heated to
form steam. Inorganic compounds and large non-volatile organic
molecules do not evaporate with the water and are left behind.
Purifying drinking water by using home distillation units is one
option available for people with a water quality problem.
Distillation is an effective method to remove inorganic
compounds, bacteria, particulates and some organic
contaminants. However, other treatment methods may be better
for these contaminants and more cost-effective as well
METHOD 4
WATER CHLORINATION
Water chlorination is the process of adding chlorine or
chlorine compounds such as sodium hypochlorite to water.
This method is used to kill bacteria, viruses and other
microbes in water. In particular, chlorination is used to
prevent the spread of waterborne diseases such as cholera,
dysentery, and typhoid. As a halogen, chlorine is a highly
efficient disinfectant, and is added to public water supplies to
kill disease-causing pathogen, such as bacteria, viruses and
protozoans, that commonly grow in water supply reservoirs,
on the walls of water mains and in storage tank. As a
strong oxidizing agent, chlorine kills via the oxidation of
organic molecules. Chlorine and the hydrolysis product
hypochlorous acid are not charged and therefore easily
penetrate the negatively charged surface of pathogens. It is
also to disintegrate the lipids that compose the cell wall and
react with intracellular enzymes and proteins, making them non-
functional. Microorganisms then either die or are no longer able
to multiply.
METHOD5
UV WATER PURIFICATION
UV water purification systems purify water by using
ultraviolet rays to kill microorganisms present in the water. UV
rays completely kill water-borne microorganisms and prevent
their reproduction by disrupting their DNA. Also, UV rays do not
lead to chemical changes in the water. As such, water purified from
UV rays doesn’t contain any harmful microorganisms and retain
their original taste. Modern water purifiers use low-pressure
mercury vapor lamps which produce ultraviolet radiation at a
specific level. The mercury vapor lamps are installed in such a
way that they do not contact water. One of the biggest
advantages of using a UV water purifier is instant purification
of water. UV water purification systems do not use any chemicals.
UV water purifiers are cost-effective; the mercury vapor lamp
of the appliance is similar to a standard light bulb in terms of
power consumption and price. UV water purifiers can last
long, especially if you regularly maintain the appliance.
Method 6
Method 6
• CLAY POT FILTRATION Clay pot filtration

process is very ancient process of filtration. The
filter is flowerpot shaped, holds about 8-10
liters of water, and sits inside a plastic or clay
receptacle. To use the filter, we have to fill the top
receptacle or filter with water, which flows through
the filter into a storage receptacle. The treated
water is then accessed via a spigot embedded
within the water storage receptacle. The
effectiveness of clay pot filters at removing
bacteria, viruses and protozoa depends on the
production quality of the clay pot filter. Most filters
are effective at removing bacteria and the larger
protozoans, but not at removing the viruses. Studies
have also shown significant bacterial contamination
when poor-quality produced filters are used or when
the receptacle is contaminated at the household
level. Because there is no chlorine residual
protection, it is important that user be trained to
properly care for and maintain the clay pot
filter and receptacle.
CONCLUSION AND
BIBLIOGRAPHY
• Water purification and disinfection is crucial. It

ensures that you and your family are in good
health, free from the dangers posed by
consumption of contaminated water. It is,
therefore, crucial to choose a method of water
purification for your house, depending on the
quality of water available in your local area.
However, some methods in current use are not
environmental-friendly. They lead to wastage of
resources like water and electricity.
• BIBLIOGRAPHY
• Wikipedia
https://www.studocu.com/in/document/kendriya-vi
dyalaya-hebbal/chemistry/investigatory-chemistry/
56823172
• THANK YOU!!

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CHEMISTRY

BEACON HIGH SCHOOL

Examiner’s Signature Principal’s Signature Teacher’s Signature

• CLAY POT FILTRATION Clay pot filtration

• Water purification and disinfection is crucial. It

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