UNIT III

ATTITUDE- SOURCES AND TYPES-

PERSONALITY DTERMINANTS – TRAITS-
THE BIG FIVE MODEL – STRESS-
CAUSES- CONSEQUENCES- COPING
STRESS
 ATTITUDES
• An attitude may also be defined as the way a
person feels about something­a person, a
place, a commodity, a situation or an idea.
• It expresses an individual's positive or
negative feelings about some object.
 definitions
"According to G.W. Allport, "Attitude is a mental
and neutral state of readiness, organised
through experience, exerting a directive or
dynamic influence upon the individual's
response to all objects and situations with
which it is related. "
 NATURE OF ATTITUDES
• Attitudes refer to feelings and beliefs of
individuals or groups of individuals.
• The feeling's and beliefs are directed
towards other people, objects or ideas.
When a person says, "I like my Job". It shows
that he has a positive attitude towards his
job.
• Attitudes often result in and affect the
behaviour or action of the people.
• Attitudes constitute a psychological
phenomenon which cannot be directly
observed
• Attitudes are gradually acquired over a
period of time.
• Attitudes are evaluative statements, either
favorable or unfavorable.
 COMPONENTS OF ATTITUDES
1. Informational or Cognitive Component.
2. Emotional or Affective Component.
3. Behavioral Component.
 FORMATION/ SOURCES OF
ATTITUDES
1. Direct Personal Experience.
2. Association.
3. Family and Peer Groups.
4. Neighborhood.
5. Economic Status and Occupations
6. Mass Communications
TYPES OF WORK RELATED ATTITUDES
1. Job Satisfaction
2.Job Involvement.
3. Organizational Commitment.
 FUNCTIONS OF AITITUDES
1. The Adjustment Function.
2. The Ego Defensive Function.
3. The Value Expressive Function
4. The Knowledge Function.
Ways of Overcoming the Barriers and Changing
the Attitudes
1. Providing New Information
2. Use of Fear
3. Resolving Discrepancies.
4. Influence of Friends or Peers.
5. The Co-opting Approach
6. Oral Persuasion Technique.
7. Training Sessions.
What is Personality?
Personality Traits

Personality
PersonalityDeterminants
Determinants
••Heredity
Heredity
••Environment
Environment
••Situation
Situation
 Personality Determinants
Heredity
• Heredity refers to those factors that were determined at
birth.
• The heredity approach argues that the ultimate explanation
of an individual’s personality is the molecular structure of the
genes, located in the chromosomes.
Environment
• Factors that exert pressures on our personality formation:
– The culture in which we are raised
– Early conditioning
– Norms among our family
– Friends and social groups

CONTD…
 Personality Determinants
Situation
• The different demands of different situations
call forth different aspects of one’s
personality.
• People behave differently at home and work
place. This is a clear indication that personality
is again determined by situations.
The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator

Personality
PersonalityTypes
Types
••Extroverted
ExtrovertedororIntroverted
Introverted(E(EororI)I)
••Sensing
Sensing(Aware
(Awareofofthe situation)or
thesituation) orIntuitive
Intuitive
(decision at sight) (S or N)
(decision at sight) (S or N)
••Thinking
ThinkingororFeeling
Feeling(T(TororF)F)
••Perceiving
Perceiving(covered
(coveredwith
withmore tasks) or
moretasks) or
Judging
Judging(completes
(completesthe
thetask
taskone
oneby one) (P(Por
byone) or
J)J)
 Personality Types

Extroverted
• Individuals are outgoing, sociable and assertive.
Introverted
• Are quite and Shy
Sensing
• Are practical and prefer routine and order
• Focus on facts and detail
Intuitive
• Relay on unconscious process
cond…
 Personality Types

Thinking
• Use reason and logic to handle problems
Feeling
• Relay on personal value and emotions
Judging
• Want control and prefer their world to be ordered
and structured
Perceiving
• Types are flexible and spontaneous
Sixteen
Primary
Traits
The Big Five
Model
 Example: The Big Five Traits
Openness

Agreeableness

Neuroticism
Conscientiousness Extraversion
 Major Personality Attributes
Influencing OB
• Locus of control
• Machiavellianism
• Self-esteem
• Self-monitoring
• Propensity for risk taking
• Type A personality
Locus of Control
Machiavellianism
 High Machiavellianism
• An individual high in Machiavellianism is
practical, maintains emotional distance, and
believes that ends can justify means.
• High Machs manipulate more, win more, and
influence others more.
• High Machs make good employees in jobs that
require bargaining skills
Self-Esteem and
 Self-monitoring
 Individuals high in self-monitoring show
considerable adaptability.
 They are highly sensitive to external causes, can
behave differently in different situations.
– High self-monitors tend to pay closer attention to the
behavior of others.
– High self-monitoring managers tend to be more mobile
in their careers and receive more promotions.
– High self-monitor is capable of putting on different
“faces” for different audiences.
 Risk-Taking
• High Risk-taking Managers
– Make quicker decisions.
– Use less information to make decisions.
– Operate in smaller and more entrepreneurial organizations.
• Low Risk-taking Managers
– Are slower to make decisions.
– Require more information before making decisions.
– Exist in larger organizations with stable environments.
• Risk Propensity
– Aligning managers’ risk-taking propensity to job
requirements should be beneficial to organizations.
Personality Types
Personality Types
Achieving Personality-Job Fit

Personality
PersonalityTypes
Types
••Realistic
Realistic
••Investigative
Investigative
••Social
Social
••Conventional
Conventional
••Enterprising
Enterprising
••Artistic
Artistic
 Holland’s
Typology of
Personality
and
Congruent
Occupations
 THEORIES OF PERSONALITY
1) Type Theory :
• In Type theory Personality classification was
made on two bases:
(a) Body Build
(b) Psychological Factors

contd….
 THEORIES OF PERSONALITY
(a) Body Build
• Persons having a short or plumb body build were
characterized as sociable and relaxed
• Tall and thin persons as restrained, self-conscious and fond
of solitude
• Persons with heavy set muscular body build as noisy,
callous and fond of physical activity

» contd….
 THEORIES OF PERSONALITY
• Personality types on the basis of
psychological factors
(i) introverts
(ii) extroverts
Achieving Personality-Job Fit

Personality
PersonalityTypes
Types
••Realistic
Realistic
••Investigative
Investigative
••Social
Social
••Conventional
Conventional
••Enterprising
Enterprising
••Artistic
Artistic
 Holland’s
Typology of
Personality
and
Congruent
Occupations
 THEORIES OF PERSONALITY
1) Type Theory :
• In Type theory Personality classification was
made on two bases:
(a) Body Build
(b) Psychological Factors

contd….
 THEORIES OF PERSONALITY
(a) Body Build
• Persons having a short or plumb body build were
characterized as sociable and relaxed
• Tall and thin persons as restrained, self-conscious and fond
of solitude
• Persons with heavy set muscular body build as noisy,
callous and fond of physical activity

» contd….
 THEORIES OF PERSONALITY
• Personality types on the basis of
psychological factors
(i) introverts
(ii) extroverts
 Trait Theories of Personality
2) Trait Theory
• Trait is an enduring characteristic of a person in which he/she
differs from another
• Popular human characteristics include shy, aggressive,
submissive, lazy, ambitious, loyal and timid
• More frequently these occur in diverse situations, the more
important traits become in describing a person
 Trait Theories of Personality
People rate Traits as being characteristic
of themselves.
Traits are assumed to be:
1. Stable across situations;
2. Stable over time;
3. Variable in degree from person to
person (High vs. Low);
4. Relatively independent of each
other (e.g. curiosity independent
of anxiety);
5. Reflected in emotions, physiology,
and thoughts.
Arranged by Dr. Gordon Vessels 2004
 Trait Theories of Personality
• Allport and Cattell have been among the early psychologists
who made efforts to isolate individual traits
• Identified as many as 17,953 traits .
• predicting human behaviour based on such a large number
becomes virtually impossible first isolated 171 traits and,
then, the same reduced to 16 traits, which he termed as
source or primary traits.
 Trait Theories of Personality
• Allport and Cattell have been among the early psychologists
who made efforts to isolate individual traits
• Identified as many as 17,953 traits .
• predicting human behaviour based on such a large number
becomes virtually impossible first isolated 171 traits and,
then, the same reduced to 16 traits, which he termed as
source or primary traits.
The Big Five
Model
Psychoanalytic Theory
 Psychoanalytic Theory
• The basic notion on Which this theory is based on is that
human behavior is influenced more by unseen forces than
conscious and rational thoughts
• This unconscious framework is composed of three elements-
• Id
• Ego
• Super ego.
The Structural Model: Id, Ego, & Superego

• Id – present at birth; selfish part of you, concerned

with satisfying your desires.
• Pleasure principle – only concerned with what brings immediate
personal satisfaction regardless of physical or social implications.
– Id impulses tend to be socially unacceptable.
• Wish-fulfillment – used to satisfy needs that cannot immediately
be met; can imagine, which temporarily satisfies the need.
• Completely buried in the unconscious.

example: Cookie Monster (“Me want cookie now!”)

 The Structural Model: Id, Ego, &
Superego
• Ego – develops during the first two years of life;
primary job is to satisfy the id impulses in an
appropriate manner by taking consequences into
consideration.
Example: The id knows its hungry & wants to eat now.
The ego knows that if you want to eat some rice, you
need to cook it first and not eat it raw.

•
 The Structural Model: Id, Ego, &
Superego
• Superego – develops by the time the child is 5
years old; represents society’s and parent’s
values and standards.
• Conscience – right and wrong.
example: The id wants to go to cinema even though a
assignment is due tomorrow that you have yet to begin.
The superego puts guilt into your mind about going.
 Psychoanalytic Theory
Information
Rational, in your
mediating Conscious immediate
dimension
of personality
Super Ego awareness

Ego Preconscious
Information
which can
easily be
Moralistic, made
judgmental, Unconscious conscious
perfectionist
dimension of
personality Id
Thoughts,
feelings,
urges, and other
information
Irrational, that is difficult
illogical, to bring to
impulsive conscious
dimension of
personality awareness
 Work Stress and Its Management

© 2003 Prentice Hall Inc. All

19–57
rights reserved.
Work Stress and Its Management

19–58
Too Much Work, Too Little Time

EXHIBIT 19-8

19–59
 Potential Sources of Stress
• Environmental Factors
– Economic uncertainties of the business cycle
– Political uncertainties of political systems
– Technological uncertainties of technical
innovations
– Terrorism in threats to physical safety and security

19–60
 Potential Sources of Stress
• Organizational Factors
– Task demands related to the job
– Role demands of functioning in an organization
– Interpersonal demands created by other
employees
– Organizational structure (rules and regulations)
– Organizational leadership (managerial style)
– Organization’s life stage (growth, stability, or
decline)
19–61
Potential Sources of Stress (cont’d)
• Individual Factors
– Family and personal relationships
– Economic problems from exceeding earning capacity
– Personality problems arising for basic disposition
• Individual Differences
– Perceptual variations of how reality will affect the individual’s
future.
– Greater job experience moderates stress effects.
– nSocial support buffers job stress.
– Iternal locus of control lowers perceived job stress.
– Strong feelings of self-efficacy reduce reactions to job stress.
© 2003 Prentice Hall Inc. All
19–62
rights reserved.
 Consequences of Stress

High
HighLevels
Levels
ofofStress
Stress

Physiological
Physiological Psychological
Psychological Behavioral
Behavioral
Symptoms
Symptoms Symptoms
Symptoms Symptoms
Symptoms

© 2003 Prentice Hall Inc. All

19–63
rights reserved.
A Model of Stress

EXHIBIT 19-10

19–64
Inverted-U Relationship between
Stress and Job Performance

EXHIBIT 19-11
 Managing Stress
• Individual Approaches
– Implementing time management
– Increasing physical exercise
– Relaxation training
– Expanding social support network
 Managing Stress
• Organizational Approaches
– Improved personnel selection and job placement
– Training
– Use of realistic goal setting
– Redesigning of jobs
– Increased employee involvement
– Improved organizational communication
– Offering employee sabbaticals
– Establishment of corporate wellness programs
© 2003 Prentice Hall Inc. All
19–67
rights reserved.