COUNSELING

■Counseling – For Nystul (2003)

defined it as basically an art and a
science wherein you endeavor to
weigh the objective and subjective
facets of the counseling process.
- As an art is the subjective dimension of
counseling. It upholds a flexible and creative
process whereby the counselor modifies the
approach to meet the developing needs of
the clients.

- As a science, on the other hand, is the

objective dimension of the counseling
process.
- In practical terms, counseling happens
when a person who is distressed asks for
help and permit another person to enter
into a kind of connection with him/her. It is
indicative with formal of someone in
search of counseling requests for time
and attention from person who will listen,
who will allow him/her to speak and who
will not condemn and criticize him/her.
Informal helping- is a kin with formal helping
in some ways such as presence of good
listening skills, empathy, and caring capacity.
■ Based on Guidance and Counseling
Act of 2004, guidance and counseling
is the profession that implicates the
application of “ an integrated approach
to the development of a well-
functioning individual “ through the
provision of support that aids an
individual to use his/her potential to the
fullest in accord with his/her interest ,
needs and abilities.
 At the American Counseling Association (ACA)
Conference in Pittsburgh in March 2010, the
representatives come to an agreement on a
mutual definition of counseling. They agreed that
counseling is a professional relationship that
empowers diverse individuals, families and group
to accomplish mental health, wellness, education,
and career goals (Kaplan, Tarvydas, and
Gladding, 2014).
GOALS OF
COUNSELING
■The key component of individual, group,
organizational and community success
Detailed and expansive counseling goals
have been identified by Gibson and
Mitchell (2003), which are as follows:
GOALS OF
COUNSELING
■1. Development Goals – assist in
meeting or advancing the clients human
growth and development including
social, personal, emotional, cognitive,
and physical wellness.
GOALS OF
COUNSELING
■2. Preventive Goals – helps the client
avoid some undesired outcome.
GOALS OF
COUNSELING
■3. Enhancement Goals- enhance
special skills and abilities.
GOALS OF
COUNSELING
■4. Remedial Goals – assisting a client
to overcome and treat an undesirable
development
GOALS OF
COUNSELING
■5. Exploratory Goals- examining
options, testing of skills, trying new and
different activities, etc.
GOALS OF
COUNSELING
■6. Reinforcement Goals- helps client in
recognizing, that what they are doing,
thinking, and feeling is fine.
GOALS OF
COUNSELING
■7. Cognitive Goals-involves acquiring
the basic foundation of learning and
cognitive skills.
GOALS OF
COUNSELING
■8. Physiological Goals – involves
acquiring the basic understanding and
habits for good health.
GOALS OF
COUNSELING
■9. Psychological Goals – aids in
developing good social interaction skills,
learning emotional control, and
developing positive self – concept.
 Scope of Counseling

The wide ranges of human problems create a

widened scope and field of counseling. Broadly,
the scope of counseling includes individual
counseling, marital and premarital counseling,
family counseling, and community counseling.
 Ethical Principles
These are the ideas that underpin both personal and
professional codes.
1.Autonomy of individuals
 Is based on the right to freedom of action and
freedom of choice in so far as the pursuit of these
freedom does not interfere with the freedom of
others ; counseling cannot happen unless the client
has made a free choice to participate.
 Ethical Principles
2. Principle of Non maleficence
This refers to instruction to all
helpers or healers that they
must ,above all, do no harm;
Beneficence refers to the order to
promote human welfare.
 Ethical Principles
3.Principle of Justice
- Concerned with the fair distribution of
resources and services , unless there is
some acceptable reason for treating them
differently.
-For counseling , the principle has
particular relevance to the question access
 COMPETENCIES OF
COUNSELORS
1. Interpersonal Skills
–counselors who are competent display ability to listen,
communicate ; empathize ; be present ; aware of nonverbal
communication; sensitive to voice quality , responsive to
expressions of emotion, turn taking, structure of time and
use of language .
COMPETENCIES OF
COUNSELORS
2. Personal beliefs and Attitude
- counselors have the capacity to accept others, belief in potential
of change, awareness of ethical and moral choices and sensitive
to values held by client and self.
COMPETENCIES OF
COUNSELORS
3. Conceptual ability
– counselors have the ability to understand and assess client’s
problem; to anticipate future problems; make sense of immediate
process in terms of wider conceptual scheme to remember
information about the client.
 COMPETENCIES OF
COUNSELORS
4. Personal Soundness
– counselors must have no irrational beliefs that are destructive to
counseling relationships, self-confidence ,capacity to tolerate strong of
uncomfortable feelings in relation to the clients, secure personal
boundaries, ability to be a client ; must carry no social prejudice,
ethnocentrism and authoritarianism.
 COMPETENCIES OF
COUNSELORS
5. Mastery of Techniques – counselors must have a
knowledge of when and how to carry out specific interventions,
ability to assess effectiveness of the interventions, understanding
the rationale behind techniques, possession of wide repertoire of
intervention.
 COMPETENCIES OF
COUNSELORS
6. Ability to understand and work within
social system – this would be compromise of awareness
of family and work relationships of client the impact of
agency on the clients, the capacity to use support networks
and supervision ; sensitivity to client from different gender,
ethnicity , sexual orientation, or age group.
COMPETENCIES OF
COUNSELORS
7. Openness to learning and inquiry –
counselors must have the capacity to be curious about
client’s backgrounds and problems; being open to new
knowledge.
 Counseling and Its
Clientele and Audience

The clientele and audiences of the counseling

profession come from different settings.
Counselors deal with a mixture of people with
different concerns and issues.
 Counseling and Its
Clientele and Audience
People who abuse drugs – drug abuse is not just harmful
to our physical health but to our mental health as well. It
cannot be denied that the drug addiction create more
social problems and contribute to social disintegration.
Consequently, more youth victims cry for help and seek
for counselors’ attention.
 Counseling and Its
Clientele and Audience
People who use tobacco - slowly our population
recognizes the bad effects of tobacco to our health.
However, many people still use and continue use tobacco
even if it is deadly. Users find it difficult to stop
smoking. Hence, smokers who desire to quit tobacco
were added to the list of the counselor’s audiences.
 Counseling and Its
Clientele and Audience
People who abuse alcohol – alcoholism is seen as a
disease alcoholics find it difficult to stop drinking on
their own. This requires help from a professional as it
requires appropriate treatment. However, an equally
important paradigm is to look at alcoholism as a
weakness of self – control and self –discipline .therefore
this requires intervention other than treatment.
 Counseling and Its
Clientele and Audience
Women – most men still have less participation in
household responsibilities and child care. In this case,
women’s advancement is constrained. What complicates
this situation is the women’s perception about themselves
and the society’s expectations. Counselors are responsible
in helping women appreciate their own values, abilities,
aptitudes, and interests and to utilize these to develop their
full potential.
 Counseling and Its
Clientele and Audience
Older Adults – a transition from a busy life to retirement
stage must be instituted. This is a challenge to the counseling
profession. other issues that require attention of counseling
include loss of a partner ,decline of mental capacity and
mobility, increased loneliness ,decline in financial security etc.
 Counseling and Its
Clientele and Audience
People with AIDS –acquired immune deficiency
syndrome (AIDS) has been labeled as the most feared
disease due to its incurability. Victims of this disease are
seeking help to improve their quality of life and to handle
their emotional stress and low self-esteem. Counseling’s
approach requires sensitivity and appreciation of the
intricacies of the disease. Counselors may also help in
assisting and educating the victims’ support system.
 Counseling and Its
Clientele and Audience
Victims of Abuse – this population represents victims of
domestic violence characterized by spouse and child abuses.
Spouse abuse is often associated with poverty, drug abuse and
career disappointments. The abuse has also become rampant
and has caused psychological damage to the victims. The
counselors are increasingly utilized to help the victims.
 Counseling and Its
Clientele and Audience
Gay Men and Lesbian Women- they are usually the
victims of harassment, violence, discrimination, and
isolation. Gays and lesbians, like other sectors of the
society, suffer from peer denial, family clash, health
uncertainties and prejudgment. Counseling will focus on
self-awareness, self- acceptance and understanding.
 ACTIVITY 20 POINTS
Act. 1 Locating the Counselors

Instruction:
1. Imagine that you are an agent.
2. Your role is to locate the work settings of the counselors.
3. Map out and draw their work setting.

Guide Questions:
1. How can you describe the work setting of a counselor?
2. What would be the surroundings of the counselor work place?
3. What would be your expectations about the work setting of a counselor?
COUNSELING
AND ITS
WORKING
SETTINGS
 COUNSELING AND ITS
WORKING SETTINGS
Counselors in Schools – has grown rapidly. According to
Gibson and Mitchell (2003), counselors are recognized
especially in the preventive interventions and developmental
stage. There are elementary school counselors, junior high
school counselors, secondary school counselors, counselors in
vocational schools, counselors in higher education, and
counselors in community and junior colleges. The counseling
service in the schools is usually located under the student affairs
program. It is under the supervision of the Dean of Students
Affairs.
 COUNSELING AND ITS
WORKING SETTINGS
Counselors in the Community Setting – refers to
employment in community, agency, and other non-
school professional situations. Counselors can be
found in community and mental health agencies,
employment and rehabilitation agencies, correctional
settings, and marriage and family practice. ( Gibson
and Mitchell , 2003 )
 COUNSELING AND ITS
WORKING SETTINGS
Counselors in the Private Sector – refers to counselors who
decided to do full time work as private practitioners or engage
in part – time private practice while employed by community
agencies. This is feasible if the counselors expertise and
specialization matches or relevant to an adequate client
population in the geographic area. ( Gibson and Mitchell ,
2003 )
 COUNSELING AND ITS
WORKING SETTINGS
Counselors in the Government - counselors are also
present in various agencies of government or
institutions supported by the government that are into
social welfare, health, and education. Relevant
agencies or institutions include public schools, public
social welfare agencies such as that for the youth,
children, and the aging.
COUNSELIN
G
PROCESSES
1. Stage One:
Relationship Building
 This is the heart of counseling
process because it provides
the force and foundation for
the counseling to succeed.
 This stage involves establishing rapport,
 promote acceptance of the client as a person with
worth,
 establishing genuine interaction,
 promote direct mutual communication
 helping clients understand themselves,
 helping client focus and
 Slowly promote counselling relevant communication,
from the client.
2. Stage Two: Assessment
and Diagnosis
 One of the most crucial stages.
 This serves as the window for the
counsellor to have a thorough
appreciation of the client’s condition.
 It entails analysis of the root causes of
problems.
 The data that will be gathered in
diagnosis will be utilized in the
formulation of goals.
3 Stage Three: Formulation of
Counseling Goals
 Goals are important as it sets the
direction of the counselling process.
 It shall serve as the parameter of work
and the client-counsellor relationship.
 Counselling goals may be treated as a
process goal or outcome goal.
 The client and counsellor must agree
on the counselling goals.
4. Stage Four: Intervention and
Problem Solving
 Guidelines:
 A. The counselor has to provide a
mapping of the different approaches
offered.
 B. Describe the role of the counselor and
client for each procedure.
 C. Identify possible risks and benefits
that may come.
 D. Estimate the time and cost of each
procedure.
 Kafner and Busemeyer identified the six-stage
model for problem solving:
 Problem detection
 Problem definition
 Identification of alternative
solutions
 Decision-making
 Execution
 Verification
5. Stage Five: Termination and Follow –up
 The essential goal in counselling is to witness a client
progress on his/her own without the assistance of the
counselor.
 There are four components of termination which were
identified by Quintan and Holahan:
 1. Discussion of the end of counselling
 2. Review of the course of counselling
 3. Closure of the counsellor-client relationship
 4. Discussion of the client’s future and post-counselling plan
6. Stage Six: Research and
Evaluation
 This stage can be undertaken at
any point in the counselling stage.
 Research and evaluation are
fundamental part of the evaluation.
 Results of the research provide a
scientific appreciation of the
counselling situation.