Anatomy of Muscles - Lecture

Introduction of myology
There are three kinds of muscle tissue: skeletal,

smooth and cardiac muscle.
Smooth muscle make up the walls of the hollow
body organs as well as those of the blood vessels and
respiratory passageways. It moves involuntarily,
producing the wavelike motions of peristalsis that
move substances through a system.
Cardiac muscle, also involuntary, makes up the
wall of the heart, the myocardium and creates the
pulsing action of the heart.
Skeletal muscle is attached to the
bones and produces movement of the
skeleton.
There are more than 650 individual
muscles in this muscular system; together
they make up about 40% of the total body
weight.
Skeletal muscle is also known as
voluntary muscle, because it is usually
under conscious control.
Classification of muscles (nomenclature). A number of
different characteristics are used in naming muscles, these
includes:
1. Location, near a bone, for example, lateral or media,
internal or external.
2. Size, using terms such as maximus, major, minor, longus,
brevis.
3. Shape, such as circular (orbicularis), triangular (deltoid),
and trapezoid.
4. Direction of fibers, including straight (rectus), angled
(oblique).
5. Number of heads (attachment points) as indicated by the
suffix - ceps, as in biceps, triceps, guadriceps.
6. Action, as in flexor, extensor, adductor, abductor, levator.
Muscles of the head
The muscles of facial expression have certain special characteristics.
They develop from the mesenchyme of the second visceral arch and are
located directly beneath the skin, not covered by a fascia.
The occipitofrontalis muscle consists of an occipital belly and a frontal

belly. The occipital belly originates from the highest nuchal line and the
bases of the mastoid processes, continues into an epicranial
aponeurosis and frontal belly is inserted into the skin of the eyebrows.
The orbicularis oculi muscle is situated around the orbit, within the
eyelids. This muscle is divided into the palpebral, orbital and lacrimal
parts. Function: shuts the eyelids and forms the radial folds to form at
its lateral corner.
The corrugator supercili muscle originates from the medial part of the
supraciliary arch and is inserted into the skin of the eyebrow. Function:
forming vertical folds above the root of the nose.
The procerus muscle originates from nasal bone and inserts into the skin of the
forehead. Function: Forms transverse folds on the forehead.
The nasalis muscle consists of the transverse and alar parts. Function: The
transverse part narrows the nostrils. The alar part widens the nostrils.
The depressor septi nasi muscle originates above the medial incisor to the
cartilaginous nasal septum.
Muscles around the mouth

The orbicularis oris muscle forms the muscles of the lips. It consists of marginal and
labial parts. Function: It closes the mouth, takes part in chewing and sucking.
The muscles around orbicularis oris are: depressor anguli oris muscle, depressor
labii inferioris muscle, mentalis muscle, levator labii superioris muscle, zygomatic
major muscle, zygomatic minor muscle, levator anguli oris muscle.
The buccinator muscle forms the muscular base of the cheek. It originates on the
oblique line of mandible, the outer surface of the alveolar arch of maxilla and the
anterior part of the pterygomandibular raphe. Its fascicles stretch to the angle of
mouth. Function: Pulls the corner of the mouth to the back and pushes the cheeks
against the teeth.
The risorius muscle originates from the masticatory fascia and is inserted into the
skin of the angle of mouth. It is sometimes absent. Function: It pulls the angle of
mouth laterally, forming a dimple on the cheek.
The muscles of mastication, bringing the mandible into motion
The masseter muscle originates from the zygomatic arch and is inserted on the
external surface of the ramus and the angle of the mandible. Function: This muscle
elevates and protract (forward) the mandible.
The temporalis muscle originates from temporal fossa and temporal fascia. Its
fascicles stretch downward to insert to the coronoid process of the mandible.
Function: It elevates and retract (backward) the mandible.
The medial pterygoid muscle originates in the pterygoid fossa of the pterygoid
process and is inserted on the pterygoid tuberosity of mandible. Function: It elevates
the mandible.
The lateral pterygoid muscle has two heads of origin — the upper and lower. The
upper head originates from the maxillary surface and infratemporal crest of the
sphenoid bone; the l o w e r head — from lateral plate of the pterygoid process. The
two heads join each other and are inserted into the neck of the condular process of
the mandible. Function: During bilateral contraction the lower jaw is protracted.
During unilateral contraction the muscle pulls the mandible to the opposite side.
MUSCLES OF THE NECK
SUPERFICIAL MUSCLES OF THE NECK
The platysma muscle originates from the pectoral fascia, inserts into the masseteric fascia
and the depressor muscle of the lower lip. F u n с t i о n: It tenses the skin of the neck,
protecting superficial veins from collapsing, and pulls the angle of the mouth down.
The sternocleidomastoid muscle originates from the manubrium of the sternum and medial
end of clavicle. It inserts stretches on the mastoid process of temporal bone. Function: During
bilateral contraction it extends the head, unilateral contraction bends the head to the
corresponding side and turns the face toward the opposite side.
Suprahyoid muscles
The digastric muscle consists of anterior, posterior bellies and intermediate tendon between.
The attachments of anterior belly - digastric fossa of the mandible, posterior belly - mastoid
process of the temporal bone, intermediate tendon - greater horn of the hyoid bone.
The mylohyoid muscle originates on the mylohyoid line of the mandible. The medial two
thirds of its fascicles stretch toward the middle line, where they form the tendinous raphe. Its
lateral fascicles insert on the body of the hyoid bone.
The geniohyoid muscle originates from the mental spine of mandible and is inserted into the
body of the hyoid bone.
The function of three suprahyoid muscle: When the mandible is fixed it elevates the hyoid
bone. When the hyoid bone is fixed it depresses the mandible.
The stylohyoid muscle originates from the styloid process of the temporal bone to the body
of the hyoid bone. Function: elevates the hyoid bone.
Infrahyoid muscles
The omohyoid muscle consists of superior, inferior bellies and
intermediate tendon between. The attachments of superior belly -
body of hyoid bone, inferior belly - superior border of the scapula.
Function: When the hyoid bone is fixed, bilateral contraction stretches
the pretracheal lamina of the cervical fascia preventing the collapse of
deep veins of the neck. When the scapula is fixed this muscle depresses
the hyoid bone.
The sternohyoid muscle originates on the posterior surface of
manubrium of the sternum and is inserted into the hyoid bone.
Function: It depresses the hyoid bone.
The sternothyroid muscle originates from the posterior surface of the
manubrium of the sternum and is inserted into the oblique line of the
thyroid cartilage. Function: It depresses the larynx.
The thyrohyoid muscle originates from the oblique line of the thyroid
cartilage and inserts to the hyoid bone. Function: It elevates the larynx
and depresses the hyoid bone.
DEEP MUSCLES OF THE NECK
The anterior scalene muscle originates from the transverse processes of C3 and C6
vertebrae. It is inserted into the tubercle of anterior scalene muscle of the first rib.
The middle scalene muscle originates from the transverse processes of C2-C7
vertebrae. It is inserted into the rib 2.
The posterior scalene muscle originates from the posterior tubercles of transverse
processes of C4-C6 vertebrae, and is inserted into the rib 2.
Function of the scalene muscles: When the cervical spine (neck) is fixed, these
muscles elevate ribs 1 and 2. When the thorax is fixed, they flex the neck toward the
corresponding side.
The longus colli originates from anterior surfaces of bodies and transverse
processes of C3-C7 and T1-T3 vertebrae, and is inserted into the bodies and transverse
processes of C1-C5 vertebrae and anterior tubercle of atlas. Function: Flexion of neck.
The longus capitis originates from transverse processes of C3-C6 vertebrae, and is
inserted into the basilar part of occipital bone. Function: Flex the head.
The rectus capitis anterior muscle originates from anterior surface of lateral mass
of the atlas and inserts to the basilar part of occipital bone. Function: Flex the head.
The rectus capitis lateralis muscle originates from the transverse process of atlas
and inserts to the jugular process of occipital bone. Function: Flex the head laterally.

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Anatomy of Muscles - Lecture

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Introduction of myology

There are three kinds of muscle tissue: skeletal,

The occipitofrontalis muscle consists of an occipital belly and a frontal

Muscles around the mouth

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