Section 1

J C
N D
“Leading Change Through
GEMW
MATHEMATICS IN
THE MODERN WORLD
Instructor: Mr. Nasser, Sabri S.
GEMW
MATHEMATICS IN
THE MODERN WORLD
Instructor: Mr. Nasser, Sabri S.
EXPECTATIONS
1) Always do your best.
2) Be Responsible for YOUR own Learning.
3) Follow directions.
4) Listen while others are talking.
5) Work quietly and do not disturb others.
6) Complete work on time and always be
prepared.
7) Show respect to your TEACHER and to Others
8) Use kind words and actions. (Use appropriate
EXPECTATIONS
Teachers Expect their students to
“Show Respect towards them, their
classmates, and the learning
environment.”
 This means being attentive in class,
refraining from disruptive behavior, and
following school rules and guidelines.
1 Nature of Mathematics
1) What is mathematics for you?
2) Where do you apply the principles of mathematics?
3) Do you need mathematics every day? Why?
4) What have you learned from school on mathematics
so far?
5) Do you appreciate mathematics? Why or why not?
6) Did you ever perform well in mathematics? Why or
why not?
 What is mathematics?
 Mathematics, developed by human mind and culture, is
formal system of thought for recognizing, classifying, and
exploiting patterns.
 Mathematics is perceived as a study of numbers, symbols,
and equations, an art of geometric shapes and patterns, a
universal language, a tool in decision making and problem
solving, and a way of life to be exact and precise.
 Mathematics is a study of patterns, an art, a language, a set
of problem solving tools, and a process of thinking.
 Where is mathematics?
 Mathematics is in every people’s daily task or activity. It is in nature,
arts, music, medicine, and in other disciplines. It is in our
communities.
 Mathematics is everywhere.
 Moreover, there is always a substantial interconnection and
relationship between mathematics, the world, and the universe.
 What is mathematics for?
 Mathematics is extremely useful in making conclusions and/or
prediction of the events of the world.
 It is used to describe the natural order and occurrences of the
universe.
 It is used to organize patterns and regularities as well as
irregularities, to help us control weather and epidemics, to provide
tools for calculations, and to provide new questions to think about.
 What is mathematics all about?
 Mathematics is about numbers, symbols, equations, operations,
functions, calculations, and devising proofs.
 How is mathematics done?
 Mathematics is done with curiosity, with a penchant for seeking
patterns and generalities, with desire to know the truth, with trial and
error, and without fear or facing more questions and problems to
solve.
 Who uses mathematics?
 Mathematics (pure and applied), scientists (natural and
social), and practically, everyone uses different mathematics
at different time, for different purposes, using different tools,
with different attitudes.
 Why is mathematics important to know/learn?

 Mathematics puts order in disorder. It helps us become better
persons and helps make the world a better place to live in.
Specific Objective
1. To develop one’s understanding about patterns;
2. To identify different patterns in nature
3. To recognize different symmetries in the nature; and
4. To explain the presence of Fibonacci numbers in nature.
The mathematics in our world is rooted in patterns. Patterns are all
around us. Finding and understanding patterns give us great power.
With patterns, we can discover and understand new things; we learn
to predict and ultimately control the future for our own advantage.
A pattern is a structure, form, or design that is regular, consistent,
or recurring.
Patterns in Nature
The spiral is a common pattern in nature. It is found in
spider webs, seashells, plants, animals, weather patterns, and
the shapes of galaxies. The frequent occurrence of spirals in
living things can be explained by different growth rates.
Living forms curl because the faster-growing (longer) surface
lies outside and the slower growing (shorter) surface lies
inside. An example of a living spiral is the shell of the mollusk
chambered nautilus (Figure 1.2). As it grows, the creature
lives in successively larger compartments.
Figure 1.2 Chambered

nautilus
Patterns
The study of mathematics includes numbers and the different patterns
in which they are listed. There are different types of patterns in
mathematics, such as number patterns, image patterns, logic patterns,
word patterns, and so on. The number pattern is the most commonly
used one since students are aware of even numbers, odd numbers, skip
counting, etc., which help in understanding these patterns easily.
Definition of Patterns
Patterns include a series or sequence that generally repeats itself. The
patterns that we observe in our daily lives are those of colors, actions,
shapes, numbers, etc. They can be related to any event or object and
be finite or infinite. In mathematics, patterns are a set of numbers ----
Arranged in a sequence such that they are related to each other in a
specific rule. These rules define a way to calculate or solve problems.
For example, in a sequence of 3, 6, 9, 12, ___, each number is
increasing by 3. So, according to the pattern, the last number will be
12 + 3 = 15.
The following figure shows the different types of patterns and
sequences that can be formed with numbers.
Different types of Number patterns
Arithmetic Cube Number
1. 4. Harmonic Sequence 7.
Sequence Sequence
2. Geometric 5. Triangular Number
Sequence Sequence
3. Fibonacci Sequence 6. Square Number
Example: Determine the value of D in the sequence of numbers: 11, 17,
23, 29, D, 41, 47, 53, D, 65, 71, D, 83.
Solution:
In the given sequence, we can see the pattern of every number is
increasing by adding number 6 to obtain the next consecutive
number.
11 + 6 = 17; 17 + 6 = 23, and so on.
Hence, the missing number D is
29 + 6 = 35
53 + 6 = 59
71 + 6 = 77
Therefore the values of D are 35, 59, and 77.
Example: Find the Example: Find the missing
missing number in the given number in the given figure below.
figure below.
13 43 13 10 8
32 84 30 3 ?
? 27 1
21 8 26
52
The missing number is 4 The missing number is 2
Example: Find the missing number in the given figure below.
STAR
T 2 5 13 34 89 ?
1 3 ? ? ? ?
14 23
8 21 55
4 3
Patterns and Numbers in nature and the
World
 Patterns are regular, repeated, or recurring forms or design.
The following are examples of different patterns
1. Logical Patterns. Commonly used patterns include classification,
partition, chronology, cause/effect, problem/solution, if/then, and
evaluation. As the term “logic” implies, we use these patterns to
think.
 Logic Patterns are related to geometric patterns and number
patterns.
2. Geometric Pattern. A geometric pattern is a motif or design depicting
abstract, nonrepresentational shapes such as lines, circles, ellipse,
triangles, rectangles, and polygons. Geometric patterns consist of a
series of shapes.
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3. Number Patterns. Numbers are everywhere in our day to day lives.
In real life, while dealing with numbers, we often find different
patterns.
 A number pattern is a list or set of numbers that follows a certain
sequence or arrangement. It is where numbers are arranged in either
ascending or descending order, and have with it basic operations of
mathematics or a certain series of mathematical operation like
addition or multiplication repeatedly done. An Arithmetic sequence is
made by adding the same value each time. The value added is called
the common difference.
 Number Pattern is defined as an arrangement of number in such a
way that it follows a particular property or pattern. A pattern which
involves numbers is said to be numeric pattern.
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4. Word Patterns. Patterns can be in language.
 Patterns can be in the form of counting up or down and the

missing number is of the form of completing count up or down.
Like 1, 5, 9, 13, 17, …… whose first term is 1and jump 4 every
time to get the other term.
 Some other types are created in which every successive term is
multiplied (dividing) by the same value each time. For example,
4, 16, 64, …… is a number pattern in which 4 is the first number
an we can multiply 4 by 4 to get 16 an multiply 16 by 4 to get 64
and so on. 32, 16, 8, 4, 2, .… is again a geometric number pattern
in which fixed number is 1/2 which is the multiplier.
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Example 1: Find the next number in the pattern 45, 48, 51, 54, 57,
____
Solution:
Here, the pattern is a repeated addition of 3; we get 45,
48, 51, 54, 57, 60.
Thus, the missing term, which is the sixth term, is 60.
Example 2: Find out the missing number in the pattern 67, 74, 81,
88,
___, 102.
Solution:
The pattern is a repeated addition of 7; we get 67, 74, 81, 88, 95,
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Example 3: What is the next number in the pattern 108, 102, 96?
Solution:
The pattern involves subtraction of 6; we get 108, 102,
96, 90. Thus, the next or fourth term, which is the
sixth term,Comes
 What is 90. Next?
 What is the next figure in the pattern below?
?
Answer: A
A B
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Example 4: Which of the given shapes would complete the sequence?
A B C D
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Solution:
The shapes are moving around the points of the
polygon. The circle and arrow are both moving
anti-clockwise 2 points, and the square is moving
4 spaces in a clockwise direction.
Therefore, the answer is letter C.
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Example 5: Which of the given shapes would complete the sequence?
A C
B D
?
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Solution:
Answer = B.
The only shape that is important to note in this example is
the orange triangle. It is positioned within its square
according to the square’s position in the image. The triangles
in the left-hand column are position to the left, the triangle in
the middle column are centered in their corresponding
squares and the same for the right hand side.
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Example 6: Which of the given shapes
would Solution
complete the The shapes inside the
sequence? A dotted square corresponds
to the outer square
adjacent to the opposite
B corner. The shapes chabge
orientation as if they have
reflected in a mirror line
? C separating the top and
bottom squares through
the middle.
D Answer = C
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 Complete the series by drawing the next 3 figures of the
pattern.
a)
b)
c)
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 What number comes next in the sequence 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 ___?
11
 What comes next in the given pattern A, C, E, G, I, ___
K
 2, 5, 10, 17, ___,

26 37, ___,
50 65, ___,
82 ____,
101 ____,
122 145, ...
 17, 23, 29, 35, ____,

41 ____,
47 _____.
53
𝟕 𝟖
 , 1, , , ____,2____,𝟑_____.
𝟑(the common difference between
𝟏 terms is )
successive
 Given the sequence 2, 7, 12, …, 𝟑find the 12th term.
 Find the 23 term of the sequence 6, 2, -2, …
rd 𝟓𝟕
−𝟖𝟐
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 2, 5, 10, 17, ___,
26 37, ___,
50 65, ___,
82 ____,
101 ____,
122 145, ...
Solution:
Sequence 2, 5, 10, 17, 26, 37, 50, 65, 82, 101, 122, 145, ...
First difference 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21
Second difference 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
 If we add 17 + 7 + 2 = 26 which is the next term. This process can
be repeated to obtain additional terms of the sequence. Hence,
 Add 26 + 9 + 2 = 37; Add 37 + 11 + 2 = 50; Add 50 + 13 + 2 = 65;
Add 65 + 15 + 2 = 82; Add 82 + 17 + 2 = 101; Add 101 + 19 + 2 =
122; Add 122 + 21 + 2 = 145, …
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 17, 23, 29, 35, ____, ____, _____.
Solution:
Sequence 17, 23, 29, 35, 41, 47, 53.
First difference 6 6 6
Hence, the common difference between successive term is 6.
 Add 35 + 6 = 41; 41 + 6 = 47; 47 + 6 = 53
 , 1, , , ____, ____, _____. (the common difference between
𝟏
successive terms is ____.
𝟑
Solution:
1– = =; –1= =; – =
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 , 1, , , ____, ____, _____.
Solution:
1– = =; –1= =; – =
Add + = =2
2 + = = and + =
Therefore the next three terms are 2, and .
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 Given the sequence 2, 7, 12, …, find the 12th term.
Solution:
Since the sequence is an arithmetic sequence, we can use
the formula l = a + (n – 1) d; where:
l
= the last term (required term)
a
= first the term
n = number of
term
d = the
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 Find the 23 term of the sequence 6, 2, -2, …
rd
Solution:
l = a + (n – 1) d
a = 6; n = 23; d = 2 – 6 = –2 – 2 = – 4
l = a + (n – 1) d
= 6 + (23 – 1) (– 4) = 6 + (22) (– 4) = 6 + (– 88)
= 6 – 88 = – 82
Can you find the pattern?
a. 2 * 3 = 9 ⇨ (2 x 3) + 3 = 9
3 * 4 = 16 ⇨ (3 x 4) + 4 = 16
4 * 3 = 15 ⇨ (4 x 3) + 3 = 15
24 ⇨ (5 x 4) + 4 = 24
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b. 4*3=9 ⇨ (4 x 3) – 3 = 9
3 * 2 = 4⇨ (3 x 2) – 2 = 4
5 * 4 = 16 ⇨ (5 x 4) – 4 = 16
6 * 525= ____?⇨ (6 x 5) – 5 = 25
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x y x y
1. 6 12 2. 5 18
9 18 7 ? 26
2 ? 4 10 ? 38
7 ? 14 3 ? 10
y = 2x y = 4x – 2
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 Example: 1, 2, 4, 8, . . . Find the next two numbers.
-The numbers are increasing but not by a constant. Maybe
a factor?
1x2=2
2x2=4
4x2=8
So each number is being multiplied by 2.
8 x 2 = 16
16 x 2 = 32
Therefore the next two numbers are 16 and 32.
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 Example: 10, 7, 4, 1, -2. . . Find the next two numbers.
-In this sequence, the numbers are decreasing by 3. So the
next 2 numbers would be
-2 – 3 = -5
-5 – 3 = -8
 Example: 1, 4, 9, 16. . . Find the next two numbers.
 it looks like each successive number is increased by the
next odd number. So the next 2 numbers would be
1+3=4 16 + 9 = 25
4+5=9 25 + 11 = 36
9 + 7 = 16
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Extending Number Patterns
A formula or rule for extending a sequence can be used to work out
any term of a sequence without working out all terms. For example,
the 100th term of the sequence: 1, 4, 7, 10,
13, . . .
Can be calculated as 298 without working out any other terms.
 Example 1: Find the 20th term of the sequence.
Solution
The terms of the sequence can be obtained as shown below
1st term = 1 xThis
8 = 8pattern can be extended to give
2nd term = 2 x20
8 =th16
term = 20 x 8 = 160
3rd term = 3 x 8 = 24
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 Example 1: Find the 10th and 100th terms of the sequence.
3, 5, 7, 9,
11, . . .
Solution
The terms above are given by
1st term = 3
2nd term = 3 + 2 = 5
3rd term = 3 + 2 x 2 = 7
4th term = 3 + 3 x 2 = 9
5th term = 3 + 4 x 2 = 11
This pattern can be extended to give
10th term = 3 + 9 x 2 =
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 Example 3: Find the 20th term of the sequence.
2, 5, 10, 17, 26, 37,
...
Solution
The terms of this sequence can be expressed as
1st term =
2nd term =
3rd term =
4th term =
5th term =
Extending the pattern gives
20th term = = 401.
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 EXERCISES (Problem Set #1) – By Group
 - Use Short band paper
Find the 10th and 20th terms of each sequence below.
(a) 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, . . . (j) - 4, 0, 4, 8, 12, . . .
(b) 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, . . . (k) 7, 12, 17, 22, 27, . . .
(c) 11, 21, 31, 41, 51, . . .
(d) 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, . . .
(e) 5, 9, 13, 17, 21, . . .
(f) 20, 19, 18, 17, 16, . . .
(g) 50, 44, 38, 32, 26, . . .
(h) 22, 25, 28, 31, . . .
(i) 3, - 2, - 7, - 12, . . .
Problem Set # 1 – By Group
 - Use Short band paper 3.) Find the formula which
1.) Write the next three terms in describes each sequence below.
the pattern below. (a) 4, 9, 14, 19,
a) 51, 44, 37, 30, ____, ____,24, . . .
____. (b) 11, 14, 17, 20, 23,
b) 4, 10, 16, 22, ____, ____,. . .
____. (c) -2, 4, 10, 16, 22, .
c) 17, 22, 27, 32, ____, ____,. .
____.
2.) Find the 10th and 20th terms
of each sequence below.
(a) 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, . . .
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Formulae and Number Patterns
This section considers how the terms of a sequence cann be found using
a formula and how a formula can be found for some simple sequence.
The terms of a sequence can be described as
𝒖𝟏 , 𝒖𝟐 , 𝒖𝟑 , 𝒖𝟒 , 𝒖𝟓 , . . .
where is the first term, is the second term and so on. Consider the
sequence: 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, . . .
= 1=1x1
= 4=2x2 This sequence can be described by
=9=3x3 the general formula
= 16 = 4 x 4
= 25 = 5 x 5
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Worked Example 1
Find the first five terms of the sequence defined by the formula
Solution
= 3 (1) + 6 = 9
= 3 (2) + 6 = 12
= 3 (3) + 6 = 15
= 3 (4) + 6 = 18
= 3 (5) + 6 = 21
So, the sequence is 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, . . .
Note that the terms of the sequence increase by 3 each time and that
the formula contains a “3n”.
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Worked Example 2
Find the first 5 terms of the sequence defined by the formula
Solution
= 5 (1) – 4 = 1
= 5 (2) – 4 = 6
= 5 (3) – 4 = 11
= 5 (4) – 4 = 16
= 5 (5) – 4 = 21
So the sequence is 1, 6, 11, 16, 21, . . .
Here the terms increase by 5 each time and that the formula
contains a “5n”.
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In general, if the terms of a sequence increase by a constant,
d, each time, then the sequence will be defined by the formula
where c is a constant number.
Worked Example 3
Find a formula to describe each of the sequence below.
(a) 13, 20, 27, 34, 41, 48, . . .
(b) 1, 12, 23, 34, 45, 56, . . .
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Solution
(a) First find the difference between the terms.
Sequence 13, 20, 27, 34, 41, 48, . . .
Difference 7 7 7 7 7
As the difference between each term is always 7, the
formula will contain a “7n” and be of the form
To find the value of c consider any term. The first one is

usually easiest to use. So the formula is
Here, using n = 1 and gives
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;
So the formula is
Note
Always check that the formula is correct for other terms, e.g, n = 2
and n = 3. In this case,
= 7 (2) + 6 = 20
= 7 (3) + 6 = 27
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So the formula holds.
(b) Again start by finding the differences between the terms
of the sequence.
Sequence 1, 12, 23, 34, 45,
56, . . .
Difference 11 11 11 11
11
The difference is always 11 so the formula will contain “11n”
and will be
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Using the first term, i.e. n = 1 and 1, gives
1 = 11 (1) + c
1 = 11 + c
c = – 10
So the formula is
Worked Example 4
The 7th, 8th and 9th terms of a sequence are 61, 69, and 77
respectively. Find a formula to describe this sequence.
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Solution
Looking at the difference
Sequence 61, 69, 77,
Difference 8 8
you can conclude that the sequence must be of the form
.
For n = 7, = 56 + c, giving c = 5.
Thus the formula to describe the sequence is
.
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Note
A more general way to tackling this type of problem is to fit the
linear sequence
to the given information.

In this case,
= 61
and = 69
Subtracting from gives d = 8 and substituting for d in either of the
two equations gives c = 5.
Thus, as before,
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 EXERCISES
1. Use the formulae below to find the first 6 terms of each
sequence.
(a) (d)
(b) (e)
(c) (f)
2. The sequences described by the formulae,
, ,
are given below. Select the formula that describes each
sequence.
(a) 0, 7, 26, 63, 124, . . . (b) 8, 11, 14, 17, 20, . . .
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3. Find the 20th term for each sequence below.
(a) (b) (c)
(d) (e) (f)
4. Consider the formula for the sequence below.
8, 15, 22, 29, 36, 43, . . .
(a) Explain why the formula contains 7n.
(b) Find the formula for the sequence.
5. Find the formula which describes each sequence below.
(a) 4, 9, 14, 19, 24, . . . (d) 100, 98, 96, 94, 92, . . .
(b) 11, 14, 17, 20, 23, . . (e) 1,
(c) -2, 4, 10, 16, 22, . . . (f) 5, -2, -9, -16, -23, . . .
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 EXERCISES
1. Find the next two terms of each sequence below, showing the
calculations which have to be done to obtain them.
(a) 5, 11, 17, 23, 29, __, __.(j) 1, 4, 10, 22, 46, __, __.
(b) 6, 10, 15, 21, 28, __, __.(k) 4, -1, -11, -26, -46, . . .
(c) 22, 19, 16, 13, 10, __, __.
(d) 30, 22, 15, 9, 4, __, __.
(e) 50, 56, 63, 71, 80, __, __.
(f) 2, 2, 4, 8, 14, 22, __, __.
(g) 6, 11, 16, 21, 26, __, __.
(h) 0, 3, 8, 15, 24, __, __.
(i) 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, __, __.
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Review Exercises
A. Determine the pattern and find the missing terms in each of the
following sequences.
1.) 1, 1, 3, 5, 9, 17, 31, ___, ___, ___
2.) 30, 22, 14, ___, ___, -10, -18, ___, ...
3.) 3, 7, 15, 31, 63, ___, ___, ___, ...
4.) F, T, F, T, T, ___, ___, F, F, F, ___, S, ...
5.) O, T, T, F, F, S, S, ___, ___, T, ___, ...
6.)What number should be placed in the empty triangle?
6 7 7 9
8 6 6 ?
2 2 5 3 4 2 5 3
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B. What comes next in each of the following pattern?(Letter Only)
7.) ____ 8.)
_____
a b c d a b c d
9.)
a b c d
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10.) Draw the missing figure in the sequence.
__________
11.) Find the pattern and solve (Answer Only)

2 * 6 = 48
6 * 5 = 55
8 * 5 = 65
Then, 9 * 3 = ____
Sequences and Series
A sequence or progression is a function whose domain is
either the set of natural numbers N or a finite subset of the
set of natural numbers. A sequence of numbers is an ordered
collection of real numbers such that for each natural number
n, one and only one number in the collection corresponds to
it. A term in a sequence is any number in that sequences. The
first number f(1) or a1 is called the first term, the second
number f(2) or a2 is called the second term, and so forth, and
the nth number f(n) or an is called the nth term or the general
term if there exists a rule of correspondence between n and an.
A series is the sum of the terms of a sequence. If the terms of a finite
sequence are added together, then you obtain a finite series. If the
terms of an infinite sequence are added together, then you obtain an
infinite series.
 Arithmetic sequences
An arithmetic sequence is a sequence where consecutive terms
are calculated by adding a constant value (positive or negative) to
the previous term. We call this constant value the common
difference (d).
An arithmetic (or linear) sequence is an ordered set of numbers
(called terms) in which each new term is calculated by adding a
constant value to the previous term:
= a + (n −1) d
where • is the nth term;
• n is the position of the term in the sequence;
• a is the ﬁrst term;
• d is the common difference.
Example 1: Find the common difference and write down the next 3
terms of the sequence.
1. 2; 6; 10; 14; 18; 22; ... 4. −1; 10; 21; 32;43; 54; ...
2. −1; −4; −7; −10; −13; −16; ... 5. a−3b; a−b; a + b; a +
3b; ...
Solution:
1. 2; 6; 10; 14; 18; 22; ... 3. −5; −3; −1; 1; 3; ...
d = 6 – 2 = 14 – 10 = 22 – 18 = 4 d=2
T7 = 22 + 4 = 26 T6 = 3 + 2 = 5
T8 = 26 + 4 = 30 T7 = 5 + 2 = 7
T9 = 30 + 4 = 34 T8 = 7 + 2 = 9
2. −1; −4; −7; −10; −13; −16; ... 4. −1; 10; 21; 32;43;
54; ...
d = – 4 – (– 1) = – 10 – (– 7) = – 3 d = 11
T7 = – 16 – 3 = – 19 T7 = 54 + 11 = 65
T = – 19 – 3 = – 22 T = 65 + 11 = 76
5. a−3b; a−b; a + b; a + 3b; ...
d = 2b
T7 = a + 3b + 2b = a + 5b
T8 = a + 5b + 2b = a + 7b
T9 = a + 7b + 2b = a + 9b
Example 2: Give the first five terms of the sequence defined
by the general term.
a. an = b. f(n) = c. tn = n2 + 2n –
5
Solution:
a. an = ; n = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
a1 = = = a4 = =
a2 = = a5 = =
a3 = =
The first five terms of the sequence are , , , and
b. f(n) = ; n = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Solution:
f(1) = = f(2) = = f(3) = =
f(4) = = f(5) = =
The first five terms of the sequence are , , , and
c. tn = n2 + 2n – 5; n = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
t1 = 12 + 2(1) – 5 = t4 = 42 + 2(4) – 5 =
t2 = 22 + 2(2) – 5 = t5 = 52 + 2(5) – 5 = 0
t3 = 32 + 2(3) – 5 =
The first five terms of the sequence are, , , and
d. f(n) = ; n = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
f(1) = = 3 f(2) = = f(3) = =
f(4) = = f(5) = =
The first five terms of the sequence are, , , and
Mathematical Problems Involving Number
Pattern
An ordered list of numbers such as
–
3, 1, 5, 9, 13, . . .
is called a sequence. The numbers in a sequence that are
separated by commas are the terms of the sequence. The
above sequence is called an arithmetic sequence. Sometimes
the word ‘series’ or ‘progression’ are used in place of
sequence. In the above sequence – 3 is the first term
represented by a1, 1 is the second term represented by a2, 5 is
the third term represented by a3, and so on. The three dots “. .
Pattern
written term. It is customary to use the subscript

notation an to designate the nth term of a sequence.
In the examples above, it was shown that
an = a1 + (n
– 1)d
The sum of terms is: S =

Pattern
Illustrative Examples
1. Nic decided to save money for one week from his allowance.
Each day he saves 12 pesos more than the previous day. If he
started 8 pesos in the first day, how much will he will set aside
in the 5th day? After a week, how much would he save?
Solution:
The sequence starts with 8 then add 12 until the fifth day.
=8 d = 12 = 8 + (5 – 1)12 = 56
For the total savings after a week, use S =
= 8 + (7 – 1)(12) = 80
Pattern
For the total savings after a week, use S =
S=
Alternative solution S
S=
an = a1 + (n – 1)d
Equivalently, S=
S
Pattern
So, S7
S7 = =
S7 ₱ 308
2. Find the 7th term in the sequence 5, 14, 27, 44, 65…
Let x be the added number:
x6 = x1 + d(n – 1) = 5 + 4(6 – 1) = 25
x7 = x1 + d(n – 1) = 5 + 4(7 – 1) = 29
a6 = 65 + 25 = 90
a7 = 90 + 29 = 119
Answer: The 7th term is 119
Pattern
Illustrative Examples
1. Find the sum of the first 20 positive odd integers.
Solution:
The positive integers are: 1 , 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, …..
=1 d = 2, n = 20
S
S
S
2. Determine the sum of the first 12 terms of the arithmetic
sequence: 3, 8, 13…
Pattern
2. Determine the sum of the first 12 terms of the arithmetic
sequence: 3, 8, 13…
Solution:
=3 d = 5, n = 12
S
S
S
3. Find the 40th term and the sum of the first 40 terms of the
arithmetic sequence 10, 8, 6, …
Solution:
Pattern
Solve the following problems.
1. Find the sum of all even integers from 2 to 250.
2. A man saves ₱2.00 the first day, saves ₱7.00 the next day,
saves ₱12.00 the next day and so on until the 30th day. How
much will he have at the end of the 30th day?
3. Find the missing variable in the formula:
S
a) a = 2, d = 4, n = 10,
S = ______
b) S = 134, n = 10, d = 2,
a = ______
Pattern
e) S = 108, a = 3, d=3 n
= _______
4) Find the sum of the following arithmetic sequences
a) a = 7, n = 8, d=3
b) a = 16, n = 32, d = -4
c) a = 48, n = 56, d = -3
d) a = 8, n = 124, d=2
5) Compute the sum of all integers between 100 and 800 that are
divisible by 3.
6) A freely falling body, starting from rest, falls 16 ft during the
first second, 48 ft during the second, 80 ft during the third
second, etc. Calculate the distance it falls during the fifteenth
Pattern
A geometric sequence is a sequence of numbers each of which,
after the first, is obtained by multiplying the preceding
number by a constant number called common ratio.
Thus 5, 10, 20, 40, 80, . . . is a geometric sequence because
each number is obtained by multiplying the preceding
number by 2. In the sequence 9, -3, 1, , , . . . The common
ratio is
Pattern
Formula for geometric sequence.
(1) The nth term, or last term:
(2) The sum of the first n terms: r≠1
Where a = first term; r = common ratio; n = number of
terms; and S = sum of first terms.
Example 1: Consider the geometric sequence 5, 10, 20, . . .,
find the seven term and the sum of first seven term.
Pattern
The seventh term is
= 320
The sum of the first seven terms is
=
Example 2: Find The 8th term and the sum of the first eight
terms of the geometric sequence 4, 8, 16, …
Solution:
Pattern
The 8th term is

= 512
The sum of the first eight terms is
=
Pattern
Example 3: Find The 6th term and the sum of the first 6 terms
of the geometric sequence 2, 4, 8, 16 …
Solution:
The 8th term is = 64

The sum of the first eight terms is =
Pattern
An ordered list of numbers such
as
3, -3/2, 3/4, -3/8, 3/16…
is called a geometric sequence. Sequences of numbers that
follow a pattern of multiplying a fixed number, r, from one
term to the next are called geometric sequences. The following
sequences are geometric sequences:
Sequence A: 1, 2, 4, 8, …
r=2
Sequence B: 0.01, 0.06, 0.36, 2.16, …
r=6
Pattern
is …
where n is any positive integer greater than 1
In Sequence A, with a1 = 1,
to get the second term, a2
1 x 21 = 2
the third term, a3
1 x 2 x 2 = 1 x 22 = 4
The fourth term, a4 1x2x
2 x 2 = 1 x 23 = 4
Pattern
To find the nth term of a geometric sequence, the formula is:

an = arn – 1
Examples: Find the common ratio and the general term of the
following geometric sequence (progression).
a. 1, b. 2, - 4, 8, . . . c.
Solution: To find r, we may use the ratio of any two
consecutive terms.
a. = =
Pattern
a. 1, b. 2, - 4, 8, . . . c.
Solution: To find r, we may use the ratio of any two consecutive terms.
a. = =
an = arn – 1 =
b. =
an = arn – 1 = =
c. = =
an = arn – 1 = = =
Pattern
Practice Problem
1. Find the nth term in the sequence:
a) 2, 10, 18, 26, 34, … n=9
b) 8, 6, 4, 2, 0, … n = 10
c) 1, 3, 6, 10, 15, … n=8
2. What is the common ratio, r, in the given sequence
a) -5, 10, -20, 40, …
b) 4, 4/3, 4/9, 4/27, …
c) 1/2, -1, 2, -4, …
d) 3, 0.03, 0.003, …
e) 10, 10/3, 10/9, 10/27, 10/81, …
Pattern
3. What is the nth term, an, of the geometric sequence with the given
elements?
a) a1 = – 3 and r = 5 n
=5
b) a1 = 4 and r = 1/2 n
=4
c) a1 = 1/2 and r = – 4 n=3
4. A theater in the round has 70 seats in the first row, 78 seats in the
second row, 86 seats in the third row, and so on in a sequence. If
the theater has 24 rows of seats, find the total number of seats it
contains.
Pattern
7. The following table shows the population from 2012 to

2015.
Year 2012 2013 2014 2015
Population (in millions) 60.7 61.914 63.152 61.415
a) Show that the population is increasing geometrically
(round off r to the second decimal place)
b) If n = 1 corresponds to 212, predict the population in
the year 2019.
REVIEW EXERCISES
A. Answer the following:
1. Find the missing term in the following sequence: 8, __, 16, __, 24, 28, 32.
2. What is the value of n in the following number sequence? 16, 21, n, 31,
36.
3. Find the next term in the sequence: 7, 15, 23, 31, __.
5. Find the next three terms in: -14, -10, -6, -2, __, __, __.
6. Find the 35th term in the arithmetic sequence: 3, 9, 15, 21, …
7. Find the next two terms in the sequence: 5, 2, 8, 3, 11, 4, 14, 5, 17, 6, __.
8. Find the next number: 2, 3, 4, 6, 6, 9, 8, __.
9. What should come in place of the blank space in the following series?
3, 5, 9, 15, 23, 33, __, 59
10.What should come in place of the blank space in the following series?
16, 22, 28, 34, ___, 46.
11.What should come in place of the blank space in the
following series?
2, 3, 6, 11, 18, 27, ___.
12.What should be in place of x in the following series?
2, 2, 4, 12, 48, 240, x.
13.Identify the next number in the following series:
2, 8, 26, 62, 122, 212, ___.
14.What is the next number in the pattern?
1, -3, 9, -27, 81, ___.
2,
World
REVIEW EXERCISES
A. Find the common difference and write down the next 3 terms of
the sequence.
1. 40, 42, 44, 46, ____, ____, ____.
2. 5, 8, 11, 14, ____, ____, ____.
3. 23, 29, 35, 41, ____, ____, ____.
4. 24, 31, 38, 45, ____, ____, ____.
5. , , , , ____, ____, ____.
B. Find the first three terms of the sequence whose general term is
given by (Show your complete solution)
1. an = 2. f(n) = (-1)n – 1 3. tn = n3 + 1
World
 Snow flakes and Honeycomb
 Recall that symmetry indicates that you can draw an
imaginary line across an object and the resulting parts
are mirror images of each other.
 This type of symmetry, known as line or bilateral
symmetry, is evident in most animals, including
humans.
 Order of Rotation
 A figure has a rotational symmetry of order n (n-fold rotational
symmetry) if 1/n of a complete turn leaves the figure unchanged.
To complete for the angle of rotation, we can use this formula:
°
World
𝟑𝟔𝟎
 Angle of rotation =
𝒏
 It can be observed that the pattern on a snowflake repeat six
times, indicating that there is a six-fold symmetry.
°
𝟑𝟔𝟎
 Angle of rotation = = 60°
𝟔
 Packing problems involves finding the optimum method of
filling up a given space such as a cubic or spherical
container. The bees have instinctively found the best
solution, evident in the hexagonal construction of their
hives.
World
Square packing Hexagonal packing

 Suppose you have circles of radius 1 cm, each of which
will then have an area of π cm2.
 For square packing, each square have an area of 4 cm2. From the
figure each square, it can only fit one circle (4 quarters).
World
 The percentage of the square’s area
𝟐
covered by circles
𝟐
=
𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒄𝒊𝒓𝒄𝒍𝒆 𝝅𝒓
𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟎 %¿
𝝅 𝒄𝒎
𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟎 %
𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟎%¿ 𝟐 𝟐
𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝟒 𝒄𝒎 𝟒 𝒄𝒎
= 78.54%
 The area of each triangle is given by
𝑺𝒊𝒅𝒆 ∙ √ 𝟑 (𝟐 𝒄𝒎) ∙ √ 𝟑 2
𝟐 𝟐
𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂= ¿ cm
𝟒 𝟒
 For hexagonal packing, each hexagon as composed of six
equilateral triangles with each side equal to 2 cm.
 The percentage of the hexagon’s area covered by circles
𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒄𝒊𝒓𝒄𝒍𝒆
𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟎%
𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒉𝒆𝒙𝒂𝒈𝒐𝒏
World
The area of the hexagon as 6 cm2 . Looking at the figure, there 3
circles that could fit inside one hexagon (the whole circle in the
middle, and 6 one-thirds of a circle), which gives the total area as
3π cm2
 The percentage of the hexagon’s area covered by circles
area of the circle
__________________ x 100% = 3π cm 2
________ x 100% = 90.69%
area
_ of the hexagon 6 cm 2
Comparing the two percentages, we can clearly see that

using hexagon will cover a larger area than using squares.
World Population
⨀ As of 2017, it is estimated that the world population is
about 7.6 billion. World leaders, sociologists, and
anthropologists are interested in studying population,
including its growth. Mathematics can be used to model
population growth. Recall that the formula for exponential
growth is A = Pert, where A is the size of the population after
it grows, P is the initial number of people, r is the rate of
growth, t is time, and e is Euler’s constant with an
approximate value of 2.7183. Plugging in values to this
formula would result in the population size after time t
with a growth rate of r.
World Population
Example 1: Population Growth
The exponential growth model A = 30e0.02t describe the
population of a city in the Philippines in thousands, t years
after 1995.
a. What was the population of the city in 1995?
b. What will be the population in 2017?
Solution:
c. Since our exponential growth model describes the
population t years after 1995 , we consider 1995 as t = 0
and then solve for A, our population. Size
World Population
A = 30e = 30e
0.02t
= 30e = 30
0.02(0) 0
Therefore, the city population in 1995 was 30,000.

b. t = 2017 – 1995 = 22
A = 30e0.02(22) = 30e0.44 = 30 (1.55271)= 46.5813
Therefore, the city population would be about 46,581 in
2017.
World Population
Example 1: A house is purchased for ₱1,000,000 in 2002. The
value of the house is given by exponential growth model A
= ₱1,000,000e0.645t . Find t when the house would be worth
₱5,000,000. ln 5 = 0.645 t ln e
Solution: but ln e = 1
A = ₱1,000,000e 0.645t
ln 5 =
₱5,000,000 = ₱1,000,000e0.645t 1.61
5=e 0.645t
World Population
 Another Solution: Example 3:
Given:
A = 700,100; P =
200,200;
yrs. t = 12 years, find r
Solution:
World Population
Example 4:
Given:
A = 750,100; r = 8% ; t = 12 years, find P
A = Pert ⇨
or
CHECK YOUR PROGRESS
The exponential growth model A = 50e0.07t describes the
population of a city in the Philippines in thousands, t years
after 1997.
a. What is the population after 20 years?
b. What is the population in 2037?
Solution:
c. A = 50e0.07t = 50e0.07(20) = 50(2.7183)1.4 = 202.762
therefore, the population of the city after 20 years is
202,762
b. t = 2037 – 1997 = 40 years
A = 50e0.07(40) = 50e2.8 = 50(2.7183)2.8 = 822.248
World Population
Substitute the given values in the formula A = Pert to find the
missing quantity.
1. P = 680,000; r = 12% per year; t = 8 years
2. A = 1,240,000; r = 8% per year; t = 30 years
3. A = 786,000; P = 247,000; t = 17 years
4. A = 731,093; P = 525,600; r = 3% per year
Problem Set #1 (by Group) Use Short Bandpaper
A. Answer the following: (Answer ONLY)
1. Find the missing term in the following sequence: 8, __, 16, __, 24, 28, 32.
2. What is the value of n in the following number sequence? 16, 21, n, 31,
36.
5. Find the next three terms in: -14, -10, -6, -2, __, __, __.
6. Find the 35th term in the arithmetic sequence: 3, 9, 15, 21, …
7. Find the next two terms in the sequence: 5, 2, 8, 3, 11, 4, 14, 5, 17, 6, __.
8. Find the next number: 2, 3, 4, 6, 6, 9, 8, __.
9. What should come in place of the blank space in the following series?
3, 5, 9, 15, 23, 33, __, 59
16, 22, 28, 34, ___, 46.
2, 3, 6, 11, 18, 27, ___.
12.What should be in place of x in the following series?
2, 2, 4, 12, 48, 240, x.
13.Identify the next number in the following series:
2, 8, 26, 62, 122, 212, ___.
1, -3, 9, -27, 81, ___.
2,
B. Substitute the given values in the formula A = Pert to find the missing
quantity. (Show your complete Solution)
2. A = 12, 400; r = 8% per year; t = 30 years 4. A = 73,093; P = 52,560;
3. A = 8,600; P = 4,700; t = 17 years r = 3% per year
(Problem Set # 2) – By Group Use Short band paper
Substitute the given values in the formula A = Pert to find the

missing quantity. (Show your complete Solution)
2. A = 13, 200; r = 6% per year; t = 10 years
3. A = 6,400; P = 2,500; t = 12 years
4. A = 53,063; P = 50,620; r = 4% per year
5. A = 12, 400; r = 7% per year; t = 13 years
The Fibonacci Sequence
 In mathematics, we can generate patterns by performing
one several mathematical operations repeatedly. Suppose
we choose the number 3 as the first number in our pattern.
We then choose to add 5 to our first number, resulting in 8,
which is our second number. Repeating this process, we
obtain 13, 18, 23, 28, . . . As the succeeding numbers that
form out patterns. We call these ordered lists of numbers a
sequence.
A sequence is an ordered list of numbers, called
terms, that may have repeated values. The
arrangement of these terms is set by a definite rule.
 Example: Generating a Sequence
⨀ Analyze the given sequence for its rule and identify the
next three terms.
a. 2, 5, 9, 14, 20 b. 16, 32, 64, 128 c. 1, 1, 2, 3,
5, 8
 Solution:
a. The difference between the first and the second terms (2 and
5) is 3. The difference between the second and the third terms
(5 and 9) is 4. The difference between the third and fourth
terms (9 and 14) is 5. Following this rule, it can be deduced
that the next three terms, we should add 7, 8, 9, respectively,
to the current term. Hence, the next three term are 20 + 7 =
b. 2(128) = 256; 2(256) = 512; 2(512) = 1024 ⤇ (2n)
c. 5 + 8 = 13; 8 + 13 = 21; 13 + 21 = 34
The succeeding terms in the sequence can be
generated by adding the two numbers before the term.
The principle behind the Fibonacci numbers is as follows:
 Let be the nth integer in the Fibonacci sequence, the next
(n + 1)th term is is determined by adding nth and the (n –
1)th integers.
 Consider the first few terms below: Let = 1 be the first
term, and = 1 be the second term, the third term is found
by = + = 1 + 1 = 2
 The fourth term is 2 + 1 = 3, the sum of the third and the
second term.
 To find the new nth Fibonacci number, simply add the two
numbers immediately preceding this nth number.
n = 3; = 1 + 1 = 2 n = 7; = 5 + 8 = 13
n = 4; = 1 + 2 = 3 n = 8; = 8 + 13 = 21
n = 5; = 2 + 3 = 5 n = 9; = 13 + 21 = 34
n = 6; = 3 + 5 = 8
These numbers arranged in increasing order can be written
as the sequence {1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, . . .}.
First, the terms are numbered from 0 onwards like this:
continue the process and to complete the table below.
n 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
xn 0 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55 89 144 233 377 610 987 1597 2584
n 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 ...
xn 4181 6765 10946 17711 28657 46368 75025 121393 196418 317811 ...
n 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 ...
xn ...
EXAMPLE 1 Generating a Sequence
Analyze the given sequence for the rule and identify the next
three terms.
a. 1, 10, 100, 1000
b. 2, 5, 9, 14, 20
Solution:
a. Looking at the set of numbers, it can be that observed that
each term is a power of 10: 1 = 100, 10 = 101, 100 = 102, and
1,000 = 103. Following this rule, the next three terms are:
104 = 10,000, 105 = 100,000, and 106 = 1,000,000.
b. The difference between the first and second terms (2 and 5)
is 3. The difference between the second and third terms (5
and 9) is 4. The difference between the third and fourth (9
and 14) is 5. The difference the fourth and fifth terms is 6.
Following the rule, it can be deduced that to obtain the next
three terms, we should add 7, 8, 9, respectively, to the current
term. Hence, the next three terms are
20 + 7 = 27, 27 + 8 = 35, 35 + 9 = 44.
CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 1
Analyze the given sequence for its rule and identify the next
three terms.
The sequence in Check Your Progress 1 Item b is a special
sequence called Fibonacci sequence. It is named after the Italian
mathematician Leonardo of Pisa, who was better known by his
nickname Fibonacci. He is said to have discovered this sequence
as he looked at how a hypothesized group of rabbits bred and
reproduced. The problem involved having a single pair of
rabbits and finding out how many pairs of rabbits will be born
in a year, with the assumption that a new pair of rabbits is born
each month and this new pair, in turn, gives birth to additional
pairs of rabbit beginning at two months after they extended by
getting the sum of the two previous terms.
Starting with 0 and 1, the succeeding terms in the sequence can
be generated by adding the two numbers that before the term:
0+1=1 0, 1, 1
1+1=2 0, 1, 1, 2
1+2=3 0, 1, 1, 2, 3
2+3=5 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5
3+5=8 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8
5 + 8 = 13 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13
0, 1, 1, 2, 3,
5, 8, 13, 21
0, 1, 1, 2, 3,
While the sequence is widely known as Fibonacci sequence. This pattern
is said to have been discovered much earlier in India. According to some
scholarly articles. Fibonacci sequence is evident in the numbers of
variations of a particular category of Sanskrit and Prakrit poetry meters.
In poetry, meter refers to the rhythmic pattern of syllables.
Fibonacci sequence has many interesting properties. Among these
is that this pattern is very visible in nature. Some of nature’s most
beautiful patterns, like the spiral arrangement of sunflower seeds, the
number of petals in a flower, and shape of a snail’s shell–things that we
looked it contains Fibonacci numbers. It is also interesting to note that
the ratios of successive Fibonacci numbers approach the number ϕ (phi),
also known as the Golden Ratio. This is approximately equal to 1.618.
The golden ratio denoted by is sometimes called golden mean
or golden section:
The Golden Ratio can also be express as the

ratio between two numbers, if the latter is also the
ratio between the sum and the larger of the two
numbers. Geometrically, it can also be visualized as
a rectangle perfectly formed by a square and
another rectangle, which can be repeated infinitely
inside each section.
A variety of patterns occur in plants and trees. Many of
these patterns are related to a famous sequence of numbers
called the Fibonacci numbers. After the first two numbers of
this sequence, which are 1 and 1, each successive number may
be obtained by adding the two previous numbers. 1, 1, 2, 3, 5,
8, 13, 21, 34, 55, . . . The seeds in the center of a daisy are
arranged in two intersecting sets of spirals, one turning
clockwise and the other turning counter clockwise. The
number of spirals in each set is a Fibonacci number. Also, the
number of petals will often be a Fibonacci number. The daisy
Number Patterns
Number patterns have fascinated people since the beginning
of recorded history. One of the earliest patterns to be
recognized led to the distinction between even numbers 0, 2,
4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, . . . and odd numbers 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13,
15, . . .
The game Even and Odd has been played for generations. To
play this game, one person picks up some stones, and a
second person guesses whether the number of stones is odd or
even. If the guess is correct, the second person wins.
PASCAL’S TRIANGLE
The triangular pattern of
numbers shown in Figure 1.4
is Pascal’s triangle. It has
been of interest to
mathematicians for hundreds
of years, appearing in China
as early as 1303. This triangle
is named after the French
mathematician Blaise Pascal
(1623–1662), who wrote a
1. Find a pattern that might explain the numbering of the
rows as 0, 1, 2, 3, etc.
2. In the fourth row, each of the numbers 4, 6, and 4 can be
obtained by adding the two adjacent numbers from the
row above it. What numbers are in the fifth row of
Pascal’s triangle?
Solution
3. Except for row 0, the second number in each row is the
number of the row.
4. 1, 5, 10, 10, 5, 1
Leonardo of Pisa, also known as Fibonacci (fe′bǝ-nä′chẽ) (c.
1170 – 1250), is one of the best-known mathematicians of
medieval Europe. In 1202, after a trip that took him to
several Arab and Eastern countries, Fibonacci wrote the book
Liber Abaci. In this book Fibonacci explained why Hindu-
Arabic numeration system that he had learned about during
his travels was a more sophisticated and efficient system than
the Roman numeration system. This book also contains a
problem created by Fibonacci that concerns the birth rate of
Fibonacci discovered that the numbers of pairs of
rabbits for any month after the first two months can be
determined by adding the numbers of pairs of rabbits
in each of the two previous months.
For instance, the number of pairs of rabbits at the
start of the six month is 3 + 5 = 8.
A recursive definition for a sequence is one in which
each successive term of the sequence is defined by using
by some of the preceding terms
If we use the mathematical notation Fn to represent
the nth Fibonacci number, then the numbers in the
Fibonacci sequence are given by the following
recursive definition.
The Fibonacci Numbers
F1 = 1, F2 = 1, and Fn = Fn – 1 + Fn – 2 for n ≥ 3
EXAMPLE Find a Fibonacci Number
Use the definition of Fibonacci numbers to find the
Solution
The first six Fibonacci numbers are 1, 1, 2, 3, 5,
and 8. The seventh Fibonacci numbers is the sum
of the two previous numbers. Thus,
F7 = F6 + F5
= 8 + 5 = 13
The eight Fibonacci number is
F8 = F7 + F6
= 13 + 8 = 21
EXAMPLE Determine Properties of Fibonacci

Numbers
Determine whether each of the following
statements about Fibonacci numbers is true or
false. Note: The first 10 terms of the Fibonacci
sequence are 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, and 55.
a. If n is even, then Fn is an odd number.
b. 2Fn – Fn – 2 = Fn + 1 for n ≥ 3
Solution
a.An examination of Fibonacci numbers shows that
the second Fibonacci numbers, 1, is odd and the
fourth Fibonacci number, 3, is odd, but the sixth
Fibonacci number, 8 is even. Thus the statement
“if n is even, then Fn is an odd number” is false.
Solution
a. Experiment to see whether 2Fn – Fn – 2 = Fn + 1 for
several values of n. For instance, for n = 7, we get
2Fn – Fn – 2 = Fn + 1
2F7 – F7 – 2 = F7 + 1
2F7 – F5 = F8
2(13) Therefore,
– 5 = 21 The statement about
26 – Fibonacci
5 = 21 numbers is true.
21 = 21
which is true. Evaluating 2Fn – Fn – 2 for several additional
values of n, n ≥ 3, we find that in each case 2Fn – Fn – 2 = Fn + 1.
Thus, by inductive reasoning, we conjecture 2Fn – Fn – 2 = Fn + 1
for n ≥ 3 is a true statement. Note: This property of Fibonacci
numbers can also be established using deductive reasoning.
CHECK YOUR PROGRESS Determine whether each
of the following statements about Fibonacci numbers is
true or false.
a. 2Fn > Fn + 1 for n ≥ 3 b. 2Fn + 4 = Fn + 3 for n ≥
CHECK YOUR PROGRESS Determine whether each of the
following statements about Fibonacci numbers is true or
false.
a. 2Fn > Fn + 1 for n ≥ 3 b. 2Fn + 4 = Fn + 3 for n ≥ 3
Solution If n = 7
1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, and 55. 2F7 > F7 + 1
a) 2Fn > Fn + 1 for n ≥ 3 2(13) > 21
If n = 3 26 > 21
2F3 > F3 + 1 Therefore, the statements about
2(2) > 3 Fibonacci numbers is true.
b. 2Fn + 4 = Fn + 3 for n ≥ 3
Solution
1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, and 55.
b.) 2Fn + 4 = Fn + 3 for n ≥ 3
If n = 3
2Fn + 4 = Fn + 3
2F3 + 4 = F3 + 3
If n = 9
2F3 + 4 = F6 2Fn + 4 = Fn + 3
2(2) + 4 = 8
4+4=8
EXERCISES SET
 Let Fib(n) be the nth term of the Fibonacci sequence, with
Fib(1) = 1, Fib(2) = 1, Fib(3) = 2, and so on.
1. Find Fib (18).
2. Find Fib (27).
3. If Fib(22) = 17,711 and Fib(24) = 46,368, what is Fib(23)?
4. Evaluate the following sums:
a. Fib(5) + Fib(6)
b. 3Fib(6) + 2Fib(7) + 4Fib(8)
c. 2Fib(7) + Fib(8) + 3Fib(9) + Fib(10)
d. Fib(11) + Fib(12) + 2Fib(13) + Fib(14) + 3Fib(15)
Mathematics for our World
EXERCISE SET
 Answer the following questions.
1. Vlad had a summer job packing sweets. Each pack
should weigh 200 grams. Vlad had to make 15 packs of
sweets. He checked the weights, in grams, correct to
the nearest gram. The following are his measurements:
212 205 203 206 199
196 197 197 209 206
198 191 196 206 207
 What is the most frequent data? Answer: 206
2. A certain study found that the relationship

between the student’s exam scores (y) and
the number of hours they spent studying
(x) is given by the equation y = 10x + 45.
Using this information, what will be the
estimated score of a student who spent 4
hours studying? Answer: 85
3. The distance traveled by an object given its initial velocity
and acceleration over a period of time is given by d = vot +
at2. Find the distance traveled by an airplane before it
takes off if it starts from rest and accelerates down a
runway at 3.50 m/s2 for 34.5 s.
Given: Solution:
Vo = 0 (starts from rest) d = vot + at2
a = 3.50 m/s2 d = at2
t = 34.5 s
Required: d = (3.50m/s2)(34.5 s)2
d = (distance) d = 2,082.94 m
Chapter Test (1/2 Crosswise)
1. What completes the following pattern?
CSD, ETF, GUH, ____, KWL
3. What number should come next in this sequence?
22, 21, 25, 24, 28, 27, ___ ...
4. What letter comes next in this pattern
O T T F F S S E ___...
5. What number comes next in 1, 8, 27, 64, 125, ___?
6. Starting with the first Fibonacci number, Fib(1) = 1 and the second
Fibonacci number, Fib(2) = 1, what is the 15 th Fibonacci number,
Fib(15)?
7. Exponential Growth A house is purchased for ₱1,500,000 in 2015. The
value of the house is given by the exponential growth model A =
₱1,500,000e0.65t. Find t when the house would worth ₱5,500,000.
EXERCISES
Solve the following and show your complete solution.
1. Starting with the first Fibonacci number, Fib(1) = 1 and the
second Fibonacci number, Fib(2) = 1, what is the 29th Fibonacci
number, Fib(29)?
2. Given Fib(30) = 832,040 and Fib(32) = 2,178,309, what is Fib(31)?
3. A car starting from rest passes two milestones A and B that are
250 m apart. It takes 60 s to pass A and another 60 s to pass from
A to B. Find the velocities of the car when it passes milestone A
and milestone B.
4. Given: A = 700,000; P = 200,000; t = 12 years. Find the missing
quantity
END
F
CHAPTER


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J C

 Why is mathematics important to know/learn?

Figure 1.2 Chambered

 Patterns can be in the form of counting up or down and the

 2, 5, 10, 17, ___,

 17, 23, 29, 35, ____,

Can you find the pattern?

where c is a constant number.

To find the value of c consider any term. The first one is

Sequence 61, 69, 77,

to the given information.

11.) Find the pattern and solve (Answer Only)

written term. It is customary to use the subscript

The sum of terms is: S =

The 8th term is

The 8th term is = 64

To find the nth term of a geometric sequence, the formula is:

7. The following table shows the population from 2012 to

Square packing Hexagonal packing

Comparing the two percentages, we can clearly see that

Therefore, the city population in 1995 was 30,000.

Substitute the given values in the formula A = Pert to find the

The Golden Ratio can also be express as the

EXAMPLE Determine Properties of Fibonacci

2. A certain study found that the relationship

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